Salivary Biomarkers: Future Approaches for Early Diagnosis of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Schepici, Giovanni; Silvestro, Serena; Trubiani, Oriana; Bramantı, Placido; Mazzon, Emanuela

doi:10.3390/brainsci10040245

Cited by 32 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…The salivary proteome has been characterized in CNS disease conditions, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, and genetic disorders including Down's syndrome and Wilson disease ( 164 ). An overview of biomarkers identified in saliva for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases such as AD, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis is provided in ( 165 ). Inflammatory biomarkers (e.g., IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) have been quantified in saliva ( 166 ).…”

Section: Salivary Biomarkers Of Nvu Damage: a New Diagnostic Opportunmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peripheral Blood and Salivary Biomarkers of Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability and Neuronal Damage: Clinical and Applied Concepts

et al. 2021

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Within the neurovascular unit (NVU), the blood–brain barrier (BBB) operates as a key cerebrovascular interface, dynamically insulating the brain parenchyma from peripheral blood and compartments. Increased BBB permeability is clinically relevant for at least two reasons: it actively participates to the etiology of central nervous system (CNS) diseases, and it enables the diagnosis of neurological disorders based on the detection of CNS molecules in peripheral body fluids. In pathological conditions, a suite of glial, neuronal, and pericyte biomarkers can exit the brain reaching the peripheral blood and, after a process of filtration, may also appear in saliva or urine according to varying temporal trajectories. Here, we specifically examine the evidence in favor of or against the use of protein biomarkers of NVU damage and BBB permeability in traumatic head injury, including sport (sub)concussive impacts, seizure disorders, and neurodegenerative processes such as Alzheimer's disease. We further extend this analysis by focusing on the correlates of human extreme physiology applied to the NVU and its biomarkers. To this end, we report NVU changes after prolonged exercise, freediving, and gravitational stress, focusing on the presence of peripheral biomarkers in these conditions. The development of a biomarker toolkit will enable minimally invasive routines for the assessment of brain health in a broad spectrum of clinical, emergency, and sport settings.

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Section: Salivary Biomarkers Of Nvu Damage: a New Diagnostic Opportunmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peripheral Blood and Salivary Biomarkers of Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability and Neuronal Damage: Clinical and Applied Concepts

et al. 2021

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“…In AD, instead of being cleaved by α-secretase, APP is cleaved by β-secretase, also known as BACE-1, and γ-secretase. This enzymatic cleavage cascade results in the formation of amyloid beta 40 (Aβ 1-40 ) and 42 (Aβ 1-42 ) peptides, which accumulate and form plaques in the extracellular space, causing neuronal toxicity and inducing a reactive inflammatory process that ultimately leads to neuronal damage [ 2 , 28 , 32 , 33 ]. This amyloidogenic pathway is a well-known source of diagnostic biomarkers for AD.…”

Section: Biomarkers In the Diagnosis Of Alzheimer’s Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Salivary Biomarkers in the Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease

Pawlik

Błochowiak

2021

Diagnostics

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Many neurodegenerative diseases present with progressive neuronal degeneration, which can lead to cognitive and motor impairment. Early screening and diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are necessary to begin treatment before the onset of clinical symptoms and slow down the progression of the disease. Biomarkers have shown great potential as a diagnostic tool in the early diagnosis of many diseases, including AD and PD. However, screening for these biomarkers usually includes invasive, complex and expensive methods such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling through a lumbar puncture. Researchers are continuously seeking to find a simpler and more reliable diagnostic tool that would be less invasive than CSF sampling. Saliva has been studied as a potential biological fluid that could be used in the diagnosis and early screening of neurodegenerative diseases. This review aims to provide an insight into the current literature concerning salivary biomarkers used in the diagnosis of AD and PD. The most commonly studied salivary biomarkers in AD are β-amyloid1-42/1-40 and TAU protein, as well as α-synuclein and protein deglycase (DJ-1) in PD. Studies continue to be conducted on this subject and researchers are attempting to find correlations between specific biomarkers and early clinical symptoms, which could be key in creating new treatments for patients before the onset of symptoms.

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“…While blood still remains the gold standard for most examinations, the collection of salivary samples has several advantages: it is non-invasive, simple, stress-free, easily repeatable and it does not require special storage condition or skilled clinicians. Moreover, saliva is stable over time, it does not clot, and it ensures availability of large sample quantities [17,[29][30][31][32]. Traditional methods of collecting saliva include burr collection or stimulation methods (e.g., mechanical, gustatory, and olfactory stimuli), which are meant to obtain a larger sample volume.…”

Section: Saliva As Diagnostic and Monitoring Toolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malignancies and Biosensors: A Focus on Oral Cancer Detection through Salivary Biomarkers

et al. 2021

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Oral cancer is among the deadliest types of malignancy due to the late stage at which it is usually diagnosed, leaving the patient with an average five-year survival rate of less than 50%. The booming field of biosensing and point of care diagnostics can, in this regard, play a major role in the early detection of oral cancer. Saliva is gaining interest as an alternative biofluid for non-invasive diagnostics, and many salivary biomarkers of oral cancer have been proposed. While these findings are promising for the application of salivaomics tools in routine practice, studies on larger cohorts are still needed for clinical validation. This review aims to summarize the most recent development in the field of biosensing related to the detection of salivary biomarkers commonly associated with oral cancer. An introduction to oral cancer diagnosis, prognosis and treatment is given to define the clinical problem clearly, then saliva as an alternative biofluid is presented, along with its advantages, disadvantages, and collection procedures. Finally, a brief paragraph on the most promising salivary biomarkers introduces the sensing technologies commonly exploited to detect oral cancer markers in saliva. Hence this review provides a comprehensive overview of both the clinical and technological advantages and challenges associated with oral cancer detection through salivary biomarkers.

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Salivary Biomarkers: Future Approaches for Early Diagnosis of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Cited by 32 publications

References 97 publications

Peripheral Blood and Salivary Biomarkers of Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability and Neuronal Damage: Clinical and Applied Concepts

Peripheral Blood and Salivary Biomarkers of Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability and Neuronal Damage: Clinical and Applied Concepts

The Role of Salivary Biomarkers in the Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease

Malignancies and Biosensors: A Focus on Oral Cancer Detection through Salivary Biomarkers

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