Salivary Cortisol Levels in Brazilian Citizens of Distinct Socioeconomic and Cultural Levels

Garcia, Márcia Teixeira; Souza, Aglécio de; Bella, Geruza Perlato; Kassisse, Dora Maria Grassi; Tacla, Artur P.; Spadari-Bratfisch, Regina Célia

doi:10.1196/annals.1410.065

Cited by 24 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…For example, some studies found no association between SES and cortisol levels at wake-up (Kunz-Ebrecht et al, 2004; Ranjit et al, 2005a; Wright and Steptoe, 2005; Cohen et al, 2006a; Cohen et al, 2006b; Eller et al, 2006), while others found higher wake-up cortisol levels among higher SES groups (Brandtstädter et al, 1991; Steptoe et al, 2003; Bennett et al, 2004). The picture for CAR is even less consistent: some studies find no association (Steptoe et al, 2003; Steptoe et al, 2005; Cohen et al, 2006b; Eller et al, 2006; Garcia et al, 2008), others find a steeper CAR among high SES groups (Bennett et al, 2004; Ranjit et al, 2005a) and still others a flatter CAR among high SES groups (Kunz-Ebrecht et al, 2004; Steptoe et al, 2005; Wright and Steptoe, 2005). As for the diurnal slope, a few studies found no association between cortisol and SES (Steptoe et al, 2005; Cohen et al, 2006a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is still uncertain which specific features of the daily cortisol profile may be most relevant to health outcomes; however, several features have been examined in relation to SES and race/ethnicity. Features of the daily cortisol curve examined in the literature include wake-up levels (Steptoe et al, 2003; Kunz-Ebrecht et al, 2004; Ranjit et al, 2005a; Wright and Steptoe, 2005; Cohen et al, 2006a; Cohen et al, 2006b; Eller et al, 2006) the CAR (Steptoe et al, 2003; Bennett et al, 2004; Kunz-Ebrecht et al, 2004; Steptoe et al, 2005; Wright and Steptoe, 2005; Cohen et al, 2006b; Eller et al, 2006; Garcia et al, 2008) and the diurnal cortisol slope (Ockenfels et al, 1995; Steptoe et al, 2005; Cohen et al, 2006a; Cohen et al, 2006b; DeSantis et al, 2007). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Socioeconomic and race/ethnic differences in daily salivary cortisol profiles: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Hajat

Diez‐Roux

Franklin

et al. 2010

Psychoneuroendocrinology

169

205

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It has often been hypothesized that stress and its biological consequences mediate the relationship between low socioeconomic status (SES) or minority status and poor cardiovascular disease outcomes. The objective of this study was to determine if daily cortisol patterns, a biomarker of the stress response, differ by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Data were collected from 935 black, white and Hispanic adults age 48 to 90 years old. Salivary cortisol samples were collected six times per day over three days: at awakening, 30 minutes later, at 1000h, noon, 1800h and at bedtime. Blacks and Hispanics had lower levels of wake-up cortisol and less steep early declines, while blacks had flatter and Hispanics steeper late day declines relative to whites. Similarly the low socioeconomic status group also had lower levels of wake-up cortisol and less steep decline during the early part of the day. These patterns remained after adjustment for health behaviors and psychosocial factors. This study finds an association between salivary cortisol and race/ethnicity and SES in a multiethnic study population. Further work is needed to determine the health consequences of these differences.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socioeconomic and race/ethnic differences in daily salivary cortisol profiles: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Hajat

Diez‐Roux

Franklin

et al. 2010

Psychoneuroendocrinology

169

205

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Features of the cortisol daily curve, including wake-up levels, the CAR and the diurnal cortisol slope, have been associated with socio-demographic factors, psychosocial factors, and measures of physical and mental health (Steptoe et al, 2003; Kunz-Ebrecht et al, 2004; Bennett et al, 2004; Steptoe et al, 2005; Wright and Steptoe, 2005; Cohen et al, 2006; Eller et al, 2006; DeSantis et al, 2007; Garcia et al, 2008; Champaneri et al, 2012, 2013). However, findings have not always been consistent and there is still substantial uncertainty regarding what features of the cortisol daily curve are most affected by social or psychosocial antecedents and most predictive of future health outcomes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability and predictors of change in salivary cortisol measures over six years: MESA

Wang

Sánchez

Golden

et al. 2014

Psychoneuroendocrinology

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Summary A major challenge in characterizing features of the daily cortisol curve is variability in features over time. Few studies have examined the stability of daily features of the cortisol curve over long periods or the predictors of long term changes. Repeated salivary cortisol measures on 580 adults from the MESA Stress study were used to examine the stability of various features of the daily cortisol curve (wakeup value, the cortisol awakening response (CAR), the early and late decline slope and the area under the curve (AUC)), over short periods (several days) and long periods (approximately 6-years) and to investigate the association of demographic factors with the changes. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to estimate the short and long term stability. Piecewise linear mixed models were used to assess factors associated with changes in features over time. For most features, short term stability (ICCs: 0.17–0.74) was higher than long term stability (ICCs: 0.05–0.42), and long term stability was highest when several days were averaged for each time point. The decline over the day showed the highest long term stability: when several days for each wave were averaged the stability of the daily decline slope across 6 years was similar (or higher) than the stability across short periods. AUC had high stability over short periods (ICCs: 0.65–0.74) but much lower stability across long periods (ICC: 0.05). All features of daily cortisol curve investigated changed significantly over the approximately 6 year follow-up period. The wakeup cortisol became higher; the CAR became smaller; both the early and late decline became flatter; and the AUC became larger. Hispanics experienced significantly larger increases in the wakeup value; and African-Americans and Hispanics showed less flattening over time of the early decline slope than Non-Hispanic Whites. Our findings have implications for characterization of features in studies linking cortisol to health outcomes. The presence of variability over time suggests opportunities for future investigation of the predictors of changes over time as well as the links between these changes and health outcomes.

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“…Thus, it could be argued that unstable and unequal social conditions to which Brazilians are exposed to, may also explain the higher basal cortisol levels these individuals showed compared to the Canadians. Supporting this hypothesis, some authors have demonstrated high cortisol levels in low SES groups [11], [45]–[46]. However, the relationship between SES and basal cortisol levels is quite inconsistent in the current literature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Cross-Country Differences in Basal and Stress-Induced Cortisol Secretion in Older Adults

et al. 2014

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ObjectiveSeveral studies have emphasized the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and inadequate response of the biological stress system. However, other factors related to SES are rarely considered, such as cultural values, social norms, organization, language and communication skills, which raises the need to investigate cross-country differences in stress response. Although some studies have shown differences in cortisol levels between immigrants and natives, there is no cross-country evidence regarding cortisol levels in country-native elders. This is particularly important given the high prevalence of stress-related disorders across nations during aging. The current study examined basal diurnal and reactive cortisol levels in healthy older adults living in two different countries.MethodsSalivary cortisol of 260 older adults from Canada and Brazil were nalyzed. Diurnal cortisol was measured in saliva samples collected at home throughout two working days at awakening, 30 min after waking, 1400 h, 1600 h and before bedtime. Cortisol reactivity was assessed in response to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) in both populations.ResultsOur results showed that even under similar health status, psychological and cognitive characteristics, Brazilian elders exhibited higher basal and stress-induced cortisol secretion compared to the Canadian participants.ConclusionThese findings suggest that country context may modulate cortisol secretion and could impact the population health.

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Salivary Cortisol Levels in Brazilian Citizens of Distinct Socioeconomic and Cultural Levels

Cited by 24 publications

References 17 publications

Socioeconomic and race/ethnic differences in daily salivary cortisol profiles: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Socioeconomic and race/ethnic differences in daily salivary cortisol profiles: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Stability and predictors of change in salivary cortisol measures over six years: MESA

Cross-Country Differences in Basal and Stress-Induced Cortisol Secretion in Older Adults

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