Salivary Gland Cancers: A Survey through History, Classifications and Managements

Khosravi, Ardeshir; Bagherihagh, Ali; Saeedi, Mohsen; Dabirmoghaddam, Payman; Kouhi, Ali; Amirzade-Iranaq, Mohammad Hosein

doi:10.5772/intechopen.70127

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 101 publications

(132 reference statements)

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“…SGN may be found in the parotid, submandibular, sublingual glands, accessory glands, and minor salivary glands, and most are initially identified by the swelling of these glands [22]. Furthermore, symptoms that suggest malignancy include pain, rapid tissue growth, or loss of nerve function [23,24].…”

Section: Clinical Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview on the Histogenesis and Morphogenesis of Salivary Gland Neoplasms and Evolving Diagnostic Approaches

Iyer

Hariharan

Cao

et al. 2021

Cancers

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Salivary gland neoplasms (SGN) remain a diagnostic dilemma due to their heterogenic complex behavior. Their diverse histomorphological appearance is attributed to the underlying cellular mechanisms and differentiation into various histopathological subtypes with overlapping features. Diagnostic tools such as fine needle aspiration biopsy, computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography help evaluate the structure and assess the staging of SGN. Advances in molecular pathology have uncovered genetic patterns and oncogenes by immunohistochemistry, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and next–generation sequencing, that may potentially contribute to innovating diagnostic approaches in identifying various SGN. Surgical resection is the principal treatment for most SGN. Other modalities such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy (agents like tyrosine kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and proteasome inhibitors), and potential hormone therapy may be applied, depending on the clinical behaviors, histopathologic grading, tumor stage and location, and the extent of tissue invasion. This review delves into the molecular pathways of salivary gland tumorigenesis, highlighting recent diagnostic protocols that may facilitate the identification and management of SGN.

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Section: Clinical Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview on the Histogenesis and Morphogenesis of Salivary Gland Neoplasms and Evolving Diagnostic Approaches

Iyer

Hariharan

Cao

et al. 2021

Cancers

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“…Acinic cell carcinoma (AciCC) accounts for 6–7% of all salivary gland malignancies, with >90% of the cases arising in the parotid gland [ 1 ]. It is the second most common salivary gland malignancy in children, but adult cases still vastly outnumber pediatric cases [ 2 , 3 ]. Morphologically, AciCC resembles the serous acinar cells of the salivary gland [ 1 ] and is characterized by cells with abundant cytoplasm with basophilic zymogen granules.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acinic Cell Carcinoma in the 21st Century: A Population-Based Study from the SEER Database and Review of Recent Molecular Genetic Advances

Khan

Ullah

Goodbee

et al. 2023

Cancers

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Background: Acinic cell carcinoma (AciCC) comprises 6–7% of all salivary gland neoplasms and is the second most common salivary gland malignancy in children. Like many salivary gland carcinomas, it is considered low grade but occasionally it behaves aggressively. Understanding the risk factors associated with recurrence, metastasis, and death is important to determine the counseling and management of individual patients. Older population-based studies are presumed to have been confounded by the misclassification of other neoplasms as AciCC, in particular secretory carcinoma and cystadenocarcinoma. Since diagnostic tools to reliably separate these entities have been available for over a decade, reevaluation of epidemiologic data limited to the 21st century should allow a better characterization of the clinicopathological characteristics of AciCC. Methods: Our study extracted data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database for the period 2000 to 2018. Cox regression model analysis was performed to identify risk factors independently affecting survival. Results: Data for 2226 patients with AciCC were extracted from the database. Most patients were females: 59%, and white: 80.5%, with a mean age at diagnosis of 51.2 (SD ± 18.7) years. Most cases (81%) were localized at presentation. Tumor size was less than 2 cm in 42%, 2–4 cm in 47%, and >4 cm in 11%. Low-grade tumors had 5-year survival > 90%, whereas high-grade tumors had survival < 50%. Of the patients with known lymph node status only 7.3% had nodal metastases. Distant metastases were documented in 1.1%, involving lungs 44%, bone 40%, liver 12%, and brain 4%. The most common treatment modality was surgery alone: 63.6% followed by surgery and adjuvant radiation: 33%. A few received chemotherapy (1.8%) or multimodality therapy (1.2%). The 5-year overall survival rate was 90.6% (95%CI 89.1–91.9), and disease-specific survival was 94.6% (95%CI 93.3–95.6). Multivariable cox regression analysis showed that undifferentiated (HR = 8.3) and poorly differentiated tumor grade (HR = 6.4), and metastasis (HR = 5.3) were the worst independent prognostic factors. Other poor risk factors included age > 50 (HR = 3.5) and tumor size > 4 cm (HR = 2.5). Conclusions: In the US, AciCC is more common in middle age white females, and most tumors are less than 4 cm and localized at diagnosis. The most relevant negative prognostic factor was high tumor grade which was associated with higher hazard ratios for death than all other variables, including regional or distant metastases at presentation.

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Salivary Gland Cancers: A Survey through History, Classifications and Managements

Cited by 2 publications

References 101 publications

An Overview on the Histogenesis and Morphogenesis of Salivary Gland Neoplasms and Evolving Diagnostic Approaches

An Overview on the Histogenesis and Morphogenesis of Salivary Gland Neoplasms and Evolving Diagnostic Approaches

Acinic Cell Carcinoma in the 21st Century: A Population-Based Study from the SEER Database and Review of Recent Molecular Genetic Advances

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