Objectives: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is characterized by a long-time inflammatory disease of nasal and sinus mucosa. Olfactory dysfunction is common among CRS patients with a prevalence ranging from 48% to 83%. We aimed to assess the effect of ESS on olfactory function of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps.Method: This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 30 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps. Patients were randomly allocated to two intervention and control groups; patients in intervention group underwent endoscopic sinus surgery by a single surgeon and control group continued standard treatment with nasal irrigation of normal saline (4 times daily) and nasal corticosteroids (one puff in each nostril daily). Olfactory threshold was evaluated using smell threshold test (STT) before, one month and three months after intervention. Results:Eventually 33 patients with a mean age of 42.70 ± 15.50 years in intervention and 43.12 ± 11.50 years in control group underwent analysis (p value=0.930). Mean olfactory threshold was 2.79 ± 0.73 in intervention and 2.67 ± 1.05 in control group prior to intervention (p value=0.345). Mean change of olfactory threshold was 0.30 ± 0.79 in intervention and 0.38±1.09 in control group one month after intervention (p value=0.214). Mean change of olfactory threshold was 0.13 ± 0.94 in ESS and 0.33 ± 0.60 in control group three months after intervention (p value=0.196). Conclusion:Our study revealed that changes in olfactory threshold were not significantly different between two ESS and standard medical therapy groups one and three months after intervention.

In this chapter, we are going to discuss about salivary glands cancers, their clinical manifestations and categories, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. We will go through details in each part in both clinical and surgical aspects based on recently prominent published studies and research in prestigious journals. After a short review on clinical features, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment, we will show staging and tumor node metastasis (TNM) classiication of major salivary gland tumors and also basic principles of approach to salivary gland cancers. A litle will be explained about basic surgical procedures for removal of cancers and benign tumors.

Tinnitus, which is commonly defined as "ringing in the ears" by the patients, is a perception of an auditory sensation without any accompanying external stimulation. It accounts for a notable part of visits in otolaryngology clinics and has been estimated to involve about 5-15% of adult population making serious problems in 3-5% of patients. Tinnitus causes a lot of problems for patients, their family, and guardians and significantly decreases quality of life of patients. Many treatment methods have been proposed and presented for Tinnitus since the first year of diagnosis. These methods range from conservative management and chemical medications to surgical methods. As the other diseases and conditions, herbal medicine has been trying to treat Tinnitus and a variety of medications have been proposed. In this chapter, we aimed to have a comprehensive review on the current herbal medications of Tinnitus from all over the world.

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Introduction: Helicobacter pylori is a micro-aerophilic gram-negative bacteria that is colonized in the gastric mucosa and duodenum using its own factors such as urease, catalase and lipase. While the stomach is considered the main source of it, other tissues such as the Walder ring, gallbladder, gums, oral lesions and dental plaque have also been suggested as potential sources. Recent studies suggest that adenotonsillar tissue is susceptible to Helicobacter pylori colonization, but the results are very contradictory. Therefore, in the present study, we tried to evaluate the presence of this bacterium in this tissue. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, which was conducted from October 2017 to October 2016, cases of adenotonsillectomy surgery without a history of antibiotics and bismuth in the last two weeks were included in the study. 2 to 5 mm of samples were removed and placed in a filled vial up to half of the urease test kit solution. Change of color of the solution from yellow to purple was a positive result and no color change after a maximum of one hour, a negative result was recorded. Results: A total of 114 samples were obtained from 64 patients, of which 63 were tonsil samples and 51 were adenoids. In 5 samples (all tissues removed from the tonsil), the urease test was positive (4.4%) and the other 109 samples (95.6%) were negative. There was no significant relationship between urease test result with tissue type (P = 0.063), reason for surgery (P = 0.65) and age (P = 0.07). Conclusion: Our results showed that Helicobacter pylori colonization in adenotonsillar tissue had a frequency of 4.4%, in other words, 5 out of 64 patients (7.8%) had tonsil colonization with Helicobacter pylori, which showed a small amount.