Salivary Glucose Concentration and Excretion in Normal and Diabetic Subjects

Diabetes mellitus is a group of complex multisystem metabolic disorders characterized by relative or absolute insufficiency of insulin secretion and/or concomitant resistance to the metabolic action of insulin on target tissues. 1 The worldwide explosion of this chronic ailment is a major health care burden. The number of people globally with diabetes are projected to rise to 439 million (7.7%) by 2030. 2 Currently, India has 41 million diabetics, and this number is expected to increase to 70 million by 2025. The increased number of diabetics in India is likely due to unprecedented rates of urbanization and lifestyle changes. 3 The increased morbidity and mortality of diabetic patients is mostly attributed to complications of the disease. Hyperglycemia is the immediate metabolic consequence of diabetes, and chronic hyperglycemia leads to several events that promote structural changes in tissues. 1,4 A high prevalence of wide spectrum oral alterations associated with diabetes has been described in literature. To minimize the risk of complications associated with this disease, it is necessary to regularly monitor the glucose levels of diabetic patients. The important aspect in glycemic control is the frequent monitoring of blood glucose levels. 5 Various biofluids that are used to monitor glucose levels include blood and urine. The choice of blood as a diagnostic fluid for clinical testing is clear-cut considering its close relationship to the homeostasis of the body. Because blood circulates throughout all organs, its chemical makeup is a composite of nearly all metabolic processes occurring in the 552673D STXXX10.

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“…This was in agreement with studies conducted by Aydin, 20 Jurysta et al, 23 Vasconcelos et al, 16 and Naik et al…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Comparison of Salivary and Serum Glucose Levels in Diabetic Patients

Gupta

Sandhu²,

Bansal

et al. 2014

J Diabetes Sci Technol

106

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“…A value of P < 0.001 supports the suitability of saliva as a substitute for blood for monitoring the glycemic status (19). There are also a few reports contradicting the above observations (11,20,21).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Salivary glucose and antioxidant defense markers in type II diabetes mellitus

Mussavira¹,

Dharmalingam²,

Sukumaran³

2015

Turk J Med Sci

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Background/aim: To evaluate salivary antioxidant defense markers, their correlation with salivary glucose, and glycemic status in type II diabetes mellitus (DM). Materials and methods:The study included 53 diabetic patients and 40 healthy subjects. Salivary glucose, blood glucose, and uric acid (UA) were determined by specific enzymatic methods. Total antioxidant activity (AOA), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total protein were determined spectrophotometrically.Results: Salivary UA (3.12 vs. 1.89 mg/dL), GSH (47 vs. 11.92 µg/mL), and total protein (375.12 vs. 202.23 mg/dL) were significantly higher (P < 0.001; r = 0.455, 0.735, 0.498 respectively) and AOA (653.1 vs. 897.3 µmol/L) was significantly lower in the DM group (P < 0.001, r = -0.431) compared to healthy controls. Among the antioxidant enzymes, CAT was significantly lower (1214 vs. 9468.9 kat) in the DM group (P < 0.001, r = -0.886). Spearman correlation analyses within the diabetic group showed a strong positive association between salivary glucose and blood glucose (P < 0.001, r = 0.9), salivary glucose and GSH, and salivary glucose and UA. Salivary glucose showed a negative correlation with AOA and CAT (P = 0.008, r = -0.447) in the diabetic group. Conclusion:Findings of this study, showing a strong correlation between salivary glucose and blood glucose as well as changes in antioxidant components in the DM group, suggest that saliva can be used for the diagnosis and management of DM.

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“…An important influence on the numbers of these important acidogenic and acid-tolerant (and thus potentially cariogenic) oral genera in individuals with type 2 diabetes is the salivary concentration of glucose. Accordingly, differences in salivary glucose concentration between diabetic and nondiabetic volunteers have been reported, with markedly higher concentrations occurring in diabetics than in nondiabetics (51). Since serum FBS/HbA1c levels are biomarkers of poor glucose control in diabetics (short and longer term, respectively); individuals with elevated levels of these biomarkers are likely to have had elevated salivary glucose concentrations for various amounts of time in the past.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Bacterial Communities in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Who Live in Southern Thailand

Kampoo

Teanpaisan

Ledder

et al. 2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus is increasingly common in Thailand and elsewhere. In the present investigation, the bacteriological composition of saliva and supragingival plaque in Thai diabetics with and without active dental caries and in nondiabetics was determined by differential culture and eubacterial DNA profiling. Potential associations between fasting blood sugar and glycosylated hemoglobin (biomarkers of current and historical glucose control, respectively) with decayed, missing, and filled teeth and with salivary Streptococcus and Lactobacillus counts were also investigated. The incidence of active dental caries was greater in the Thai diabetics than in nondiabetics, and the numbers of total streptococci and lactobacilli were significantly higher in supragingival plaque from diabetics than in nondiabetics. Lactobacillus counts in the saliva and supragingival plaque of diabetics with active caries were significantly higher than those in diabetics without active caries. Oral eubacterial DNA profiles of diabetic versus nondiabetic individuals and of diabetics with active caries versus those without active caries could not be readily differentiated through cluster analysis or multidimensional scaling. The elevated caries incidence in the Thai diabetics was positively associated with numbers of bacteria of the acidogenic/acid-tolerant genera Streptococcus and Lactobacillus. Lactobacillus bacterial numbers were further elevated in diabetics with active caries, although salivary eubacterial DNA profiles were not significantly altered.

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Salivary Glucose Concentration and Excretion in Normal and Diabetic Subjects

Cited by 159 publications

References 30 publications

Comparison of Salivary and Serum Glucose Levels in Diabetic Patients

Comparison of Salivary and Serum Glucose Levels in Diabetic Patients

Salivary glucose and antioxidant defense markers in type II diabetes mellitus

Oral Bacterial Communities in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Who Live in Southern Thailand

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