Salivary uric acid and C‐reactive protein associations with hypertension in Midwestern Latino preadolescents and their parents

Abstract

Latino families face increased risk for hypertension. Serum-based uric acid and Creactive protein have been linked to hypertension. However, a paucity of salivary biomarker data exists in this area for Latino families. Using salivary biomarkers enables less invasive options for biomedical and biosocial research, which is especially important among vulnerable populations facing increased health disparities. This study examined the associations between salivary uric (sUA) acid, salivary C-reactive protein (sCRP), and hypertension among 151 participants (57 children, 57 mothers, 37 fathers) from 57 Midwestern Latino families. Participants self-administered the salivary samples, and blood pressure was measured by researchers. Results showed sUA was associated across family members, and child hypertension was related to parents′ hypertension. sCRP was only related to sUA in fathers. Findings highlight the familylevel health connections, along with the importance for further investigations using salivary biomarkers with Latinos, and the need for a robust sUA cut-off for hyperuricemia. K E Y W O R D Shealth, hypertension, Latinos, salivary C-reactive protein (sCRP), salivary uric acid (sUA)

Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Diseases in Saliva and Gingival Crevicular Fluid: A Review

“…Jones et al demonstrated that salivary CRP in males was associated with hypertension prevalence and both SBP and DBP levels. 29 Uric acid is another agent correlated with CRP. One of the proposed mechanisms involves stimulating CRP expression in endothelial and smooth muscle cells of blood vessels and activating the IL-1 pathway via high uric acid levels.…”

“…One of the proposed mechanisms involves stimulating CRP expression in endothelial and smooth muscle cells of blood vessels and activating the IL-1 pathway via high uric acid levels. 29,30 A study by Maciejczyk among children with hypertension found uric acid concentrations in non-stimulated saliva, stimulated saliva, and plasma were significantly higher in children with arterial hypertension compared with controls. 31 However, different results were obtained by Jones et al, who showed that salivary uric acid levels were not associated with BP.…”

“…31 However, different results were obtained by Jones et al, who showed that salivary uric acid levels were not associated with BP. 29 Oxidative stress and disturbed redox homeostasis also plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension. In Maciejczyk's study, 31 antioxidant barriers and oxidative/ nitrosative stresses were analyzed; increased activities of several enzymes, increased levels of oxidative damage and nitrosative stress markers were observed among arterial hypertension subjects.…”

“…Jones et al demonstrated that salivary CRP in males was associated with hypertension prevalence and both SBP and DBP levels. 29…”

Development and validation of a simple and noninvasive method for salivary uric acid: potential applications for monitoring the salivary uric acid level in healthy volunteers and gout patients

“…The focus on saliva as a non-invasive sample has occurred because of these characteristics (Higashi et al, 2010;Malamud, 2011;Chiappin, et al, 2007). More recent studies revealed that UA is existed in saliva and with the capacity to be measured (Shibasaki et al, 2012;Nunes, Brenzikofer, Macedo, 2011;Jones, Elwazeer, Taylor, 2018;Vakh et al, 2007;Guan, Chu, Ye, 2004). Thus, some researchers found that the amount of UA in plasma is related to that in saliva (Bibi, Green, Nagler, 2008;Deminice, et al, 2010).…”