Salmonella eastbourne outbreak associated with chocolate

D'aoust, J.-Y.; Aris, B.; Thisdele, P.; Durante, Alessandro; Brisson, N.; Dragon, D. C.; Lachapelle, Gérard; Johnston, M. Andrew; Laidley, R.

doi:10.1016/s0315-5463(75)73804-x

Cited by 62 publications

(31 citation statements)

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“…Listeriosis outbreaks have been linked to a variety of foods, including dairy products (for a review, see reference 36). Several outbreaks of salmonellosis suggest that low infective doses are associated with high-fat-content vehicles, such as chocolate (6,8,18), cheese (9,19), and paprika-powdered potato chips (23). In developing our treatment strategy, three different vehicles were used: skim milk (0.25% milk fat), halfand-half (11% milk fat), and whipping cream (30% milk fat).…”

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confidence: 99%

Nonhuman Primate Model for Listeria monocytogenes -Induced Stillbirths

Smith¹,

Takeuchi

Brackett

et al. 2003

Infect Immun

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Listeria monocytogenes, isolated from outbreaks in either human or nonhuman primate populations, was administered orally at doses ranging from 10 6 to 10 10 CFU. Four of 10 treated animals delivered stillborn infants. L. monocytogenes was isolated from fetal tissue, and the pathology was consistent with L. monocytogenes infection as the cause of pregnancy loss. For all pregnancies resulting in stillbirths, L. monocytogenes was isolated from maternal feces, indicating that L. monocytogenes had survived and had probably colonized the gastrointestinal tract. Antibodies and antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation against Listeria increased in animals that had stillbirths.Listeriosis resulting from exposure to food containing the bacterium L. monocytogenes causes serious disease, with case fatality rates between 20 and 40% (33). Listeriosis is especially serious in susceptible populations such as immunocompromised persons and pregnant women (11,14,16,20,24,26,29,32,35). For healthy nonpregnant adults, listeriosis has a relatively low incidence, presumably due to its low infectivity in immunocompetent individuals.Pregnancy-related listeriosis primarily affects the fetus or neonate. The maternal reaction to the presence of Listeria infection is generally an influenza-like episode with fever, backache, and perhaps diarrhea (7,11,13,24,29). The effect of fetal Listeria infection is dependent on the point in gestation time when infection occurs. First-trimester infection leads to spontaneous abortion, whereas second-and third-trimester infections lead to preterm birth followed by neonatal illness or fetal death with preterm delivery of a stillborn (7,11,13).The rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), with a reproductive cycle and placenta comparable to those of humans (31), is widely used as an experimental model for human reproduction and development. As with humans, exposure to L. monocytogenes in pregnant nonhuman primates may result in abortions, stillbirths, or neonatal deaths (4, 27; J. Paul-Murphy, J. E. Markovits, I. Wesley, and J. A. Roberts, Lab. Anim. Sci. 40:547 [abstr.], 1990). For humans and nonhuman primates, the pathogenesis and morphological findings associated with stillbirths due to L. monocytogenes are essentially the same (1,4,28,37).Despite several epidemiological studies confirming the relationship between L. monocytogenes and specific foods (soft cheeses, undercooked chicken, paté, etc.) (2, 30), an infectious dose has not been established for healthy or susceptible human populations due to the delay between exposure and the onset of symptoms. The severe ramifications of the disease in highrisk human populations such as pregnant women precludes the use of humans in volunteer feeding studies. Recently, a draft risk assessment of L. monocytogenes in ready-to-eat foods (36) reviewed human epidemiological and animal study data. The risk assessment concluded that mouse studies provide the only acceptable data for developing dose-response information at this time and acknowledged the difficulty with the use of...

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confidence: 99%

Nonhuman Primate Model for Listeria monocytogenes -Induced Stillbirths

Smith¹,

Takeuchi

Brackett

et al. 2003

Infect Immun

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“…In the event of pathogen outbreaks associated with solid foods, higher protection may be observed, as certain foods, in addition to providing a solid surface for attachment, may also be a source of essential amino acids, such as glutamate, lysine, or arginine (10a, 24, 29). The experiments described here provide a system suitable for studying the underlying fundamentals of protection observed when Salmonella strains are associated with solid foods (11,12,18). Previous studies have indicated that once the pH barrier of the stomach has been breached, the number of surviving bacteria reaching the intestines does not affect the severity of the disease (26,27).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…This further implies that the ability to adhere to solid surfaces may significantly influence the ID of a specific enteric pathogen, and it needs to be analyzed further. It has been suggested that Salmonella outbreaks with a low ID are often associated with a food source with a high fat content (11,12,18). Boiled egg white (but not boiled rice), which is low in fat but rich in proteins, is also reported to protect Salmonella from acid challenge (29).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inoculation onto Solid Surfaces ProtectsSalmonellaspp. during Acid Challenge: a Model Study Using Polyethersulfone Membranes

Gawande

Bhagwat

2002

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Salmonellae are the most frequently reported cause of outbreaks of food-borne gastroenteritis in the United States. In clinical trials, the oral infective dose (ID) for healthy volunteers was estimated to be approximately 1 million cells. However, in reports from various outbreaks, the ID of Salmonella species associated with solid foods was estimated to be as few as 100 cells. We found that fresh-cut produce surfaces not only provided suitable solid support for pathogen attachment but also played a critical role in increasing the acid tolerance of the pathogen. However the acidic nature of certain produce played no role in making salmonellae resistant to stomach acidity. Inoculation onto fresh-cut produce surfaces, as well as onto inert surfaces, such as polyethersulfone membranes and tissue paper, increased the survival of salmonellae during acid challenge (50 mM Na-citrate, pH 3.0; 37°C; 2 h) by 4 to 5 log units. Acid challenge experiments using cells inoculated onto polyethersulfone membranes provided a model system suitable for studying the underlying fundamentals of the protection that occurs when Salmonella strains are associated with solid foods. The surface-associated acid protection, which was observed in several Salmonella strains, required de novo protein synthesis and was independent of stationary-phase sigma transcription factor.

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“…Outbreaks of Salmonella in high-fat, low-moisture food products including peanut butter (CDC, 2007(CDC, , 2009a(CDC, , 2009b, chocolate (D'Aoust et al, 1975;Greenwood and Hooper, 1983) and cheddar cheese (D'Aoust, Warburton, & Sewell, 1985) have been associated with the presence of very low numbers of organisms. It has been suggested that the fat content in food products may contribute to the organism's survival (Shachar & Yaron, 2006.).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%