Salmonella enterica serotypes from human and nonhuman sources in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, 2004-2020

Abstract

Salmonellosis ranks among the most frequently reported zoonosis worldwide and is often associated with foodborne outbreaks. Since the 1950s, the distribution of Salmonella serotypes in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, has been documented and periodically reported. In this study, we updated the data on the distribution of Salmonella serotypes received in our reference laboratory, isolated from human infections and nonhuman sources, from 2004 to 2020. In that period, a total of 9,014 Salmonella isolates were analyzed, of which 3,553 (39.4%) were recovered from human samples, mainly of stool (65%) and blood (25.6%), and 5,461 (60.6%) were isolated from nonhuman origins, such as animals (47.2%), food (27.7%) and animal environments (18.6%). In human isolates, a total of 104 serotypes were identified and the most frequent ones were Enteritidis, Typhimurium, S. I. 4,[5],12:i:-, Dublin and Typhi. A consistent reduction of the Enteritidis proportion was observed over the years. Among the 156 serotypes identified in isolates with nonhuman origins, Enteritidis, Mbandaka, Typhimurium, Agona and Anatum were ranked as the top five Salmonella serotypes; in more recent years, S. Heidelberg has increased in frequency. Although with different proportions, the top 10 prevalent serotypes were identified in both human and nonhuman origins, underscoring the role of animals, food products and environment as reservoirs of Salmonella with potential to cause human salmonellosis.

High levels of multidrug-resistant isolates of genetically similar Salmonella 1,4, [5],12:I:- from Brazil between 1983 and 2020

“…S. 1,4, [5],12:i:-is an important pathogen highly prevalent in Asia, Europe, Africa, North America and Brazil [2,10]. The increase in MDR strains of this serovar as well as the increase in foodborne disease outbreaks, mainly linked to pork consumption, are alarming [2,4].…”

“…In the USA, S. 1,4, [5],12:i:-was among the five most frequently isolated serovars from human infections during 2011-2016, whereas in China, it has been the fourth most frequently isolated serovar from human infections since 2009 [2,4]. In Brazil, it was the third most isolated serovar from clinical samples (stool and blood) between 2004 and 2020 and the eighth most common serovar isolated from non-human sources in the same period [10].…”

Development and evaluation of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on a recombinant SifA protein to detect Salmonella infection in poultry

“…To assess the conservation of SifA in Salmonella serotypes, the amino acid sequences of SifA were compared among Salmonella and non- Salmonella pathogens by BLASTp ( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ). The amino acid sequences of SifA in prevalent Salmonella ( Williamson et al, 2018 ; Yang et al, 2020 ; Chen et al, 2021 ; Fernandes et al, 2022 ) were further compared by the Clustal W method in MEGA 7.0. In addition, phylogenetic tree of amino acid sequences was also constructed using maximum likelihood with 1,000 bootstrap replications in MEGA 7.0 ( Kumar et al, 2016 ).…”

Training in modern statistical methodologies and software tools for the definition and analysis of (stochastic) quantitative microbial risk assessment models with a comparison between the Hungarian and Spanish food supply chains

“…But not only these serotypes can cause human infections, e.g. S. Dublin, S. Infantis or S. Senftenberg can also be a source of human contagion (Aparecida Fernandes et al, 2022;ECDC, 2023).…”