Salmonellas in sewage. A study in latent human infection

Harvey, R. W. S.; Price, T. H.; Foster, D. W.; Griffiths, William C.

doi:10.1017/s0022172400041942

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In these studies different enrichment and selective media were used but the incubation temperature was usually 370 C. (Jones, Bennet & Ellis, 1961;Harvey & Phillips, 1961; Valette, 1961;Report, 1964; Papadakis, 1965; Papadakis, 1968; and others). Harvey & Thompson (1953), however, who used selenite F broth, reported a better yield of salmonellas, especially from river water and sewage, when the enrichment medium was incubated at 430 C. Since then, this incubation temperature has been used with profit by some authors (Georgala & Boothroyd, 1964;Harvey & Price, 1968;Harvey, Price, Foster & Griffiths, 1969). The advantage of incubating the enrichment media at 430 C. was also evident in a recent comparative study of Salmonella isolations from faeces and minced meat in eight European laboratories (Edel & Kampelmacher, 1968).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salmonella isolations in abattoirs in Greece

et al. 1970

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SUMMARYThe prevalence of salmonellas in drain swabs from three abattoirs of Athens was studied with the use of conventional methods of Salmonella isolation as well as with a new procedure which involves secondary enrichment from the usual selenite broth or Muller-Kauffmann's tetrathionate broth in Rappaport's medium slightly modified.In all groups studied the secondary enrichment in Rappaport's medium led to an increase in the number of positive swabs, in the number of Salmonella serotypes, and in the total number of strains isolated.The frequency of Salmonella isolations was higher in samples from abattoirs killing only pigs and lower in samples from abattoirs killing only cattle or only sheep.The predominant serotype in abattoirs dealing with cattle was Salmonella tennessee, and S. typhimurium in abattoirs dealing with sheep. No predominant serotype was found in samples from abattoirs dealing mostly with pigs.S. abony, S. drypool, S. emek, S. Indiana, S. muenchen and S. tennessee were isolated for the first time in Greece.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salmonella isolations in abattoirs in Greece

et al. 1970

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“…The technique used in Cardiff to isolate salmonellas from swabs has recently been described in detail (Harvey, Price, Foster & Griffiths, 1969 (Harvey & Phillips, 1955), to leaving it in the flow for up to 7 days. The decision which method to use is administrative rather than technical.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If two visits to an area each week are not convenient, the 7-day period is useful. A recent survey on human sewage employed both techniques (Harvey et al 1969).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was essential to be certain that river isolations were not coming from industrial effluent. In 1967, therefore, we began a detailed examination of human sewage from an estate of 4000 persons (Harvey et al 1969). The use of selected sewage examination had previously been of value in the bakery survey (Harvey & Phillips, 1961).…”

Section: Investigation Of Salmonellosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The discovery that a wide range of salmonellas frequently reach man (Harvey et al 1969), suggests that vehicles frequently infected with many serotypes bring infection into households. Such vehicles must be food that is commonly consumed.…”

Section: Investigation Of Salmonellosismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sewer and drain swabbing as a means of investigating salmonellosis

Harvey

Price

1970

Epidemiol. Infect.

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SUMMARYThe use of gauze swabs in drains or sewers to clarify the path followed by a salmonella from source to human host has been reviewed in the light of experience gained in Cardiff over 15 years. This period has seen a marked change in attitudes to salmonella epidemiology in that infected food is now regarded as of greater importance than infected food handlers. In these 15 years, butchers, abattoirs and knackers' yards, markets and bakehouses have been monitored. In the bakehouse survey the existence of staff infection was demonstrated by sewage examination. Sewage investigation has also been used to show frequent entry of salmonellas into households in a residential estate. The estate was carefully chosen to exclude salmonellas from industrial sources and shops. The frequent finding of infection in this sewage implies that a commonly consumed heavily infected food item is involved. The wide range of serotypes isolated suggests an animal usually fed on infected animal feed. Poultry and pigs are put forward as animals liable to spread salmonellosis to man.It is hoped that clarification of the salmonella pathway may eventually lead to measures likely to prevent the transmission of infection to man. It is also suggested that swabs placed in abattoir drains serve as an economical method of obtaining warning of a persistent build-up of contamination. The persistence of a serotype in an abattoir is not infrequently followed by human infection.

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Pathogenic agents in freshwater resources

Geldreich

1996

Hydrol. Process.

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Numerous pathogenic agents have been found in freshwaters used as sources for water supplies, recreational bathing and irrigation. These agents include bacterial pathogens, enteric viruses, several protozoans and parasitic worms more common to tropical waters. Although infected humans are a major source of pathogens, farm animals (cattle, sheep, pigs), animal pets (dogs, cats) and wildlife serve as significant reservoirs and should not be ignored. The range of infected individuals within a given warm-blooded animal group (humans included) may range from 1 to 25%. Survival times for pathogens in the water environment may range from a few days to as much as a year (Ascaris, Taenia eggs), with infective dose levels varying from one viable cell for several primary pathogenic agents to many thousands of cells for a given opportunistic pathogen.As pathogen detection in water is complex and not readily incorporated into routine monitoring, a surrogate is necessary. In general, indicators of faecal contamination provide a positive correlation with intestinal pathogen occurrences only when appropriate sample volumes are examined by sensitive methodology.Pathways by which pathogens reach susceptible water users include ingestion of contaminated water, body contact with polluted recreational waters and consumption of salad crops irrigated by polluted freshwaters. Major contributors to the spread of various water-borne pathogens are sewage, polluted surface waters and stormwater runoff. All of these contributions are intensified during periods of major floods. Several water-borne case histories are cited as examples of breakdowns in public health protection related to water supply, recreational waters and the consumption of contaminated salad crops. In the long term, water resource management must focus on pollution prevention from point sources of waste discharges and the spread of pathogens in watershed stormwater runoff.

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Salmonellas in sewage. A study in latent human infection

Cited by 14 publications

References 9 publications

Salmonella isolations in abattoirs in Greece

Salmonella isolations in abattoirs in Greece

Sewer and drain swabbing as a means of investigating salmonellosis

Pathogenic agents in freshwater resources

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