Salt-induced decay in calcareous stone monuments and buildings in a marine environment in SW France

Cardell, Carolina; Delalieux, Filip; Roumpopoulos, Konstantinos; Moropoulou, Α.; Auger, F.; Grieken, R. Van

doi:10.1016/s0950-0618(02)00104-6

Cited by 169 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Salt crystallization in porous materials is one of the primary causes of stone and ceramic decay, especially in marine environments. [1][2][3][4] While salt crystallization-mediated decay in stone materials has been extensively studied, [5][6][7][8][9] this type of decay has been less thoroughly analysed in archaeological ceramics, despite the abundance and variety of such materials found at archaeological sites. 10 Studies conducted on salt crystallization-induced decay in ceramics 11 show that the surface finishes and the presence or absence of temper or degreasing components, barely affect salt crystallization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…O´Brien, 1990, concluded that firing temperature is the main determinant in decay, since ceramics fired at high temperatures are less porous and consequently less permeable and more durable. However, after conducting his 3 experimental study on accelerated ageing induced by salt crystallization, the question of whether the long-term effects would be the same for ceramics fired at low or high temperatures was left unanswered.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Archaeological ceramic amphorae from underwater marine environments: Influence of firing temperature on salt crystallization decay

López-Arce

Zornoza-Indart

Gomez-Villalba

et al. 2013

Journal of the European Ceramic Society

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Non-desalinated and desalinated fragments of Iberian, Italic and Tarraconensian amphorae sherds, found in different underwater marine environments, were compared to determine both their state of conservation and the decay caused by salt crystallization. Polarizing light and fluorescence optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, ion chromatography and mercury intrusion porosimetry tests were conducted on the samples. Non-desalinated samples or samples in which desalination was not wholly effective exhibit a variety of signs of degradation, especially in those samples fired at lower firing temperature. Sherds fired at higher temperatures have lower surface area and less connected porosity, which entail a lower absorption of soluble salts containing water and eventually less decay. The composition and texture reached with the firing temperature is a key factor on salt crystallization decay and hence on the durability of these artifacts. This should be taken into account during desalination procedures that have to be optimized in order to be successful.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Archaeological ceramic amphorae from underwater marine environments: Influence of firing temperature on salt crystallization decay

López-Arce

Zornoza-Indart

Gomez-Villalba

et al. 2013

Journal of the European Ceramic Society

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“…Generally salt may exist in two phases: dissolved salt and precipitated salt. One of the most adverse phenomenon, which is related to the salt and moisture presence in the pore system of building materials, is salt crystallization [1,2]. Salt efflorescence causes the optical and chemical damage of painting and surface layers of structures often of great historical value.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental and numerical investigation of sodium sulphate crystallization in porous materials

Koniorczyk

Konca

2012

Heat Mass Transfer

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The experimental setup was constructed to measure the thermal effect of the salt crystallization/dissolution process in building materials containing sodium sulphate. Additional heat was released/consumed during the salt crystallization/dissolution. The mathematical model of salt, moisture and energy transport concerning the salt phase change kinetics was derived and based on it the computer code was developed. To solve the set of partial differential, governing equations the finite element and finite difference methods were used. By solving the inverse problem the parameters of the rate law for brick saturated with the sodium sulphate solution were determined.

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“…Dust is abrasive and can carry harmful substances to the surfaces of artwork (Katsanos et al, 1999;Nazaroff and Cass, 1991;Yoon and Brimblecombe, 2001). Investigations on calcareous stone weathering show that physical stress from soluble salt crystallization in pores caused stone breakage (Cardell et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microanalysis of Dust Deposition inside Emperor Qin's Terra-Cotta Warriors and Horses Museum

Cao

Lee

et al. 2010

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Indoor dust deposition, including long-term (>10 years) deposition, short-term (~0.5 year) deposition, and pigment flake samples from partially restored warriors were collected in Emperor Qin's Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses Museum in Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China. Morphological and elemental analyses of individual particles were performed with scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry to investigate their composition and potential to damage the statues. Most of the indoor dust was composed of clay minerals, fly ash, and biogenic particles. Particles in 51.5% of the short-term deposition, and 49.5% of the long-term deposition contained elemental sulfur. Particles which contained sulfur were mostly associated with calcium sulfate in an internally mixed state with clay or quartz. Crystals of calcium sulfate were also found near interconnected pits and cracks on the outer surface of pigment flakes, revealing an acidic chemical reaction between sulfur dioxide and pigment material or deposited particles as the cause of pits and cracks on the statues' faces.

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Salt-induced decay in calcareous stone monuments and buildings in a marine environment in SW France

Cited by 169 publications

References 30 publications

Archaeological ceramic amphorae from underwater marine environments: Influence of firing temperature on salt crystallization decay

Archaeological ceramic amphorae from underwater marine environments: Influence of firing temperature on salt crystallization decay

Experimental and numerical investigation of sodium sulphate crystallization in porous materials

Microanalysis of Dust Deposition inside Emperor Qin's Terra-Cotta Warriors and Horses Museum

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