Salt-tolerant and instant friction reducer for slickwater fracturing stimulation based on dispersion polymerization

Chen, Fu; Li, Dai; Liao, Zihan; Den, Yu; Zhang, Lin; Wang, Heng

doi:10.1080/15567036.2022.2097337

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 28 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…This behavior of deteriorated %DR performance with increasing fluid salinity, observed for the sulfonated acrylamide polymers in this work, was similar with the literature studies on anionic as well as cationic acrylamide polymers. 42,[89][90][91][92][93][94][95] Furthermore, in the Figure 6c,d, the polymers' performance in the SPAM-brine systems have also implicated that the increment in sulfonation on the polymer chain had yielded better salt tolerance, that is, SPAM-25 had better salt tolerance in each brine system when compared to SPAM-05. While testing the 55 k ppm SPAM-brine system, SPAM-25 had reduced the drag by 59.72% whereas SPAM-05 could reduce the drag by only 54.91%.…”

Section: Flow Response Of Base Brinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This behavior underlines the necessity of using a higher sulfonated polymer especially with increasing brine salinity; the observed systematic pattern in %DR behavior is modeled in the following section. 42,[89][90][91][92][93][94][95] In addition to the conducted %DR tests on the studied SPAMs, a comparative analysis was performed to assess the properties of the studied SPAMs in relation to commercially available polymers. In the conducted tests, it was observed that the performance of IS APAM was comparatively lower than that of SPAM-05 for salinities greater 55 k ppm.…”

Section: Flow Response Of Base Brinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Investigation on the influence of sulfonic substitution in polyacrylamides for minimizing drag in turbulent flow of slickwater fluids

Korlepara,

Patel,

Dilley

et al. 2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The use of slickwater fluids for fracking is key for accessing unconventional shale/tight‐sand reservoirs. To mitigate the frictional losses observed during the injection, drag reducers like sulfonated polyacrylamides (SPAMs) are added to the slickwater fluids. The current study presents a unique controlled investigation that examines the impact of sulfonic group substitution, ranging from 5 to 25 wt%, in SPAMs. The molecular weight of the polymers is kept constant at ~7.5–7.8 million Daltons. The investigation is two‐pronged: first part is comprised of drag reduction (%DR) performance of the polymers in fluids of varying salinities on a laboratory flow‐loop. The results obtained indicated the inter‐dependence of fluid salinity and sulfonic substitution on the polymer performance; for example, %DR deterioration of SPAM with 5 wt% substitution was 24.7%; to the contrary, the deterioration was only 15.6% for SPAM with 25 wt% substitution with rise in fluid salinity from 150 ppm to 110 k ppm. The second part of study included in development of a physics‐based model where the polymer relaxation response (Weissenberg number) was improvised to accommodate the impact of governing parameters and then, successfully correlated with the %DR performance using phenomenological equations for the studied range of parameters.

show abstract

Section: Flow Response Of Base Brinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Flow Response Of Base Brinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation on the influence of sulfonic substitution in polyacrylamides for minimizing drag in turbulent flow of slickwater fluids

Korlepara,

Patel,

Dilley

et al. 2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Compared with W/O drag reducers, W/W drag reducers are more environmentally friendly, and hence they have received much attention. W/W drag reducers are generally prepared via dispersion polymerization. , The monomers are dispersed in an aqueous solution; a strong electrolyte solution is used as the dispersing medium, and an initiator is added to initiate the polymerization. Due to steric hindrance and electrostatic interactions, the stable polymer emulsion droplets are dispersed in the medium with sizes smaller than 10 μm. , Meanwhile, at high salinities, the polymer molecular chains are prone to crimping, resulting in a reduced drag-reduction effect .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…W/W drag reducers are generally prepared via dispersion polymerization. 34,35 The monomers are dispersed in an aqueous solution; a strong electrolyte solution is used as the dispersing medium, and an initiator is added to initiate the polymerization. Due to steric hindrance and electrostatic interactions, the stable polymer emulsion droplets are dispersed in the medium with sizes smaller than 10 μm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Drag Reduction Behaviors of a Water-in-Water Emulsion Polymer Drag Reducer

Zhao

Liu

Dai

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

As a key component of slickwater fracturing fluids, drag reducers play a critical role. Water-in-water (W/W) emulsion polymer drag reducers with the characteristics of rapid dissolution and the ability to increase viscosity are attracting substantial attention. In this work, a W/W emulsion polymer drag reducer P(AM-DMC) was synthesized via dispersion polymerization. The material P(AM-DMC) was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, and environmental scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the aqueous P(AM-DMC) solution was a pseudoplastic fluid with appreciable viscosity enhancement and shear resistance. The dissolution time of 0.1 wt % P(AM-DMC) was only 29 s. The drag-reduction rate of P(AM-DMC) reached 71.75%. The drag reducer also exhibited good temperature and salt resistance. Finally, a dragreduction mechanism was proposed. We hope that this study can broaden the application of W/W drag reducers in shale reservoir development.

show abstract

“…In fact, the linear polymeric chain structure is considered as a major role player in achieving an effective friction reducer structure. To avoid such challenging issues associated with working under saline conditions, several reported works – suggested performing some polymeric structural modifications through introducing some surfactants or copolymers into the HPAM backbone to alter the net charge of the existing molecules. Generating such systems, through mixtures of polymer additives, will make up a tolerant friction reducer that is able to work under diverse saline conditions. ,– For instance, Mohammadtabar et al performed a comparative study on virgin polymers of HPAM, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), and xanthan gum (XG) under turbulent flow conditions ( Re = 20 600) using a fluid flow loop.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Salinity on Drag Reduction of Additives and Mixtures under Turbulent Flow

Hashlamoun,

Hethnawi,

Bakir

et al. 2023

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The performance of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM), which is the most commercially used polymer in drag reduction (DR) applications, is affected by several factors. These factors include Reynolds number, polymeric concentration, molecular weight, and, more importantly, salinity conditions, which can dramatically impact the polymeric structure and its behavior. In the current work, a deep analysis is done on the performance of HPAM at salinity levels mimicking industrial conditions by using an industrialscale fluid flow loop and a rotational rheometer. The impact of salinity on DR performance and degradation rates of HPAM was investigated at various molecular weights and a fixed concentration and then fitted with exponential decay models. Then, measurements of DR of the additives alone at different concentrations as well as blends of two saltresisting polymers, i.e., xanthan gum (XG) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), were analyzed in tap water and in brine at different mass ratios. Our results showed that the presence of salts led to the drop of the DR of HPAM to almost half its value in tap water, while PEO was found to have an increase in the DR, and XG maintained nearly the same performance. The HPAM−XG mixtures had higher levels of improvement in both media and a slight improvement in the DR in brine over those of HPAM measurements alone. In the case of the HPAM−PEO mixture, the DR is substantially increased compared to HPAM alone. The results of this work confirm that conventional solutions, represented by the physical mixing of HPAM with inexpensive and environmentally friendly additives, are possible and can lead to a massive reduction in energy and freshwater consumption in industrial applications such as hydraulic fracturing.

show abstract

Salt-tolerant and instant friction reducer for slickwater fracturing stimulation based on dispersion polymerization

Cited by 8 publications

References 28 publications

Investigation on the influence of sulfonic substitution in polyacrylamides for minimizing drag in turbulent flow of slickwater fluids

Investigation on the influence of sulfonic substitution in polyacrylamides for minimizing drag in turbulent flow of slickwater fluids

Development and Drag Reduction Behaviors of a Water-in-Water Emulsion Polymer Drag Reducer

Effect of Salinity on Drag Reduction of Additives and Mixtures under Turbulent Flow

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About