Salvia ceratophylla L. from South of Jordan: new insights on chemical composition and biological activities

Abstract

In Jordan, Salvia ceratophylla L. is traditionally used in the treatment of cancer, microbial infections, and urinary disorders. This study aimed: (1) to chemically characterize S. ceratophylla essential oil (EO) from South Jordan, by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS); and (2) to evaluate in vitro the cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and antiprotozoal activities of the EO, it’s predominant components, and the hexane (A), ethyl acetate (B), methanol (C) and crude-methanol extracts (D). The analysis revealed that the EO has 71 compounds, with linalool (54.8%) as main constituent. Only the hexane extract (A) showed some cytotoxic activity against SK-MEL, KB, BT-549, SK-OV-3, LLC-PK1 and VERO cells lines with IC50 between 60 and > 100 µg/mL. The EO inhibited NO production (IC50 90 µg/mL) and NF-κB activity (IC50 38 µg/mL). The extracts A, B, and D inhibited NO production and NF- κB activity with IC50 between 32 and 150 µg/mL. Linalool considerably inhibited NO production (IC50 18 µg/mL). The extracts tested did not exhibit antileishmanial activity. Regarding antitrypanosomal activity, the EO exhibited significant results with IC50 2.65 µg/mL. In conclusion, Jordan S. ceratophylla EO represents a rich source of linalool and bears a promising therapeutic potential for further antitrypanosomal drug development.

Chemical characterization, cytotoxic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and enzyme inhibitory effects of different extracts from one sage (Salvia ceratophyllaL.) from Turkey: open a new window on industrial purposes

“…There are further data concerning antioxidant and chemical composition of the EO. 8–11 The review of Ulubelen 12 stated that the terpenoids present in S. ceratophylla exhibited interesting antibacterial activity. The work of Goren et al 13 also showed that the diterpenoids identified from the root of the herb exhibited strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidi s and Proteus mirabilis .…”

“… 14 In another study, the chloroform extract of S. ceratophylla significantly depressed anti-butyrylcholinesterase activity with a percentage inhibition of 91.3%. 15 Based on ethnobotanical information, S. ceratophylla were used to treat cancers, infections, urinary complications, 8 inflammation, and even nociceptive disorders. 8,16,17 The World Health Organisation outlines that cancer is the second leading cause of death across the globe with 9.6 million deaths recorded in the year 2018.…”

“… 15 Based on ethnobotanical information, S. ceratophylla were used to treat cancers, infections, urinary complications, 8 inflammation, and even nociceptive disorders. 8,16,17 The World Health Organisation outlines that cancer is the second leading cause of death across the globe with 9.6 million deaths recorded in the year 2018. 2 Despite cancer is one of the most studied disease and the clinical care and technology have advanced greatly, yet cancer remains still incurable.…”

Unveiling the Chemical Composition and Biological Properties of Salvia cacaliifolia Benth. Essential Oil

“…Similarly, the essential oils from S. scabra and S. aurea were also rich in sesquiterpenes (92.4 and 75%, respectively) [ 39 ], with β-caryophyllene, epi-α-cadinol, δ-cadinene being the major compounds in S. aurea while S. scabra was characterized by germacrene D, β-caryophyllene, germacrene B, and α-copaene. S. ceratophylla , S. verbenaca , S. stenophylla , S. runcinata and S. repens are other examples of Salvia essential oils predominantly rich in sesquiterpenes [ 40 , 41 , 42 ]. However, no essential oils from Salvia presents high amounts of γ-curcumene, β-bisabolene and curzerenone as the essential oil from S. cacaliifolia .…”

“…Regarding other Salvia species, it was shown that S. officinalis essential oil at 0.64 µL/mL was able to decrease NO production by 30–40% [ 45 ], whereas the essential oil from S. cacaliifolia at the same dose decreases NO production by 70%. In opposition, the essential oil from S. ceratophylla greatly inhibits NO production (IC 50 = 90 µg/mL) [ 40 ]. The capacity of Salvia species to modulate NF-kB pathway is already reported.…”