“…As documented in several species, same-sex pairings are widespread in birds ( Bagemihl, 1999 ; Bailey & Zuk, 2009 ; Sommer & Vasey, 2006 ). Specifically, female–female pair bonds are noted in a range of bird species including gulls, Laridae ( Conover & Hunt Jr, 1984 ; Hunt Jr, & Hunt, 1977 ; Mills, 1991 ), Greylag Gander, Anser anser anser ( Kotrschal, Hemetsberger & Weiss, 2006 ), Zebra Finches, Taeniopygia guttata ( Tomaszycki & Zatirka, 2014 ), and Laysan Albatross,—in which up to 30% of the pairs were female only ( Lindsay et al, 2008 ; for review see MacFarlane, Blomberg & Vasey, 2010 ). All the above-mentioned studies on same-sex pairs in monogamous birds focused mainly on reproductive behaviour, but few studies investigated differences and similarities between male–female and same-sex parental care behaviour ( Elie, Mathevon & Vignal, 2011 ).…”