Sample preparation and clean up in mycotoxin analysis: principles, applications and recent developments

Razzazi‐Fazeli, Ebrahim; Reiter, Elisabeth Viktoria

doi:10.1533/9780857090973.1.37

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 168 publications

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“…C18, C8, C6 and Florisil) is one of the conventional materials mostly used in the solid phase. Moreover, the particular stationary SPE phases, based on ion exchange, molecular recognition or immunoaffinity, are often applied in mycotoxin purification (Razzazi‐Fazeli and Reiter ). These phases considerably improve the sensitivity, selectivity and the safety of methods using products that are more efficient in the solid phase.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent aflatoxin survey data in milk and milk products: A review

Ketney

Santini

Oancea

2017

Int J of Dairy Tech

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Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) occurrence in human and animal milk, infant formula, powdered milk, cheese and yoghurt represents a risk for health. The last four years (2010–2014) of data, as well as the most frequently and updated analytical methods applied for AFM1 quantification, are evaluated. Aflatoxin B1, considered the most potent toxic aflatoxin, is metabolised to form the monohydroxy derivative AFM1. This metabolized, expressed in the milk, is relatively stable, and it is not eliminated by heat treatments or pasteurisation, and thus represents a serious health concern.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent aflatoxin survey data in milk and milk products: A review

Ketney

Santini

Oancea

2017

Int J of Dairy Tech

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“…Methods for extraction of OTA from diverse biological matrices, as well as subsequent sample preparation, have simultaneously evolved. The extraction/sample preparation step is, in fact, cited as a major bottleneck in the analysis of mycotoxins [ 43 ]. Notable advances include solid-phase extraction (SPE) and, in particular, commercially available (although potentially cost prohibitive) immunoaffinity columns (IAC) for highly selective cleanup and enrichment of OTA prior to analysis [ 44 , 45 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Incidence and Levels of Ochratoxin A in Wines Sourced from the United States

Jesus

Bartley

Welch

et al. 2017

Toxins

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Ochratoxin A (OTA) is one of the most prevalent mycotoxin contaminants of food crops. Among the agricultural products consequently contaminated by OTA is wine. In the present study, a sample of wines sourced from the United States was assessed for OTA. Wines were primarily analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FD) coupled to a liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) technique which was developed and validated as a simplified sample preparation approach. More than 85% of the wines evaluated were found to contain OTA, at levels above the limit-of-detection (LOD = 0.1 µg L−1), and 76% were above the limit-of-quantitation (LOQ = 0.3 µg L−1) for the LLE/HPLC-FD method. More than two-thirds of the wines above the LOQ were found to exceed 1 µg L−1. Complementary analysis by HPLC coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) confirmed OTA in 74% of the OTA-positive wines (i.e., >LOQ by HPLC-FD). Overall, both the occurrence and measured levels of OTA were generally high, specifically relative to previous assessments of OTA in wine, and two of the wines were above the only current (European Union) regulatory limit of two parts-per-billion (ppb, ~2 µg L−1). Possible trends with respect to geographical region and/or growing climate are noted. As the first assessment of U.S. wines in more than a decade, the overall high occurrence and levels of OTA in wine, and possible geographic and climatic trends, point to a need for regular surveillance of wines, as well as investigation of the relevant contributors to OTA occurrence toward mitigating contamination and exposure risks.

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“…Mostly mycotoxin quantitation involves chromatographic technique such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC) or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to a photo diode array, UV-Vis or fluorescent detector, or liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)(Shephard, 2011;Spanjer, 2011). Exception to the above analytical scheme are 'dilute and shoot' methods that bypass sample clean-up but require the use of more sensitive LC-MS/MS equipment(Sulyok et al, 2007;Razzazi-fezeri and Reiter, 2011). of the fact about mycotoxins synergism in humans and animals(Speijers and Speijers, 2004;Pedrosa and Borutova, 2011) coupled with technological advancement has caused a rapid shift from single mycotoxin targeted analysis to LC-MS/MS based multimycotoxin analysis(Sulyok et al, 2006;Garon et al, 2006;Sulyok et al, 2007;Spanjer et al, 2008;Vishwanath et al, 2009;Rasmussen et al, 2010;Monbaliu et al, 2010; Ediage et al, 2011;Spanjer, 2011;Streit et al, 2013).…”

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confidence: 99%

Keeping mycotoxins away from the food: Does the existence of regulations have any impact in Africa?

Matumba

Poucke

Ediage

et al. 2015

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

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Following the discovery of aflatoxins in the early 1960s, there have been many studies leading to the uncovering of many mycotoxins and the understanding of associated health effects in animals and humans. Consequently, there has been a global increase in the number of countries with mycotoxin regulations in foods. However, many African countries have only regulations for aflatoxins (or a few other mycotoxins) in specific foods, or no regulations at all. This paper critically reviews the challenges thwarting the establishment of mycotoxin regulations and their impacts on human dietary mycotoxin exposure in Africa. Mycotoxin regulatory limits for different countries are compared with mycotoxin tolerable daily intakes established by international food safety bodies taking into account consumption patterns. The agrarian setup, food insecurity, and mycotoxin analytical challenges in African countries are discussed; and more feasible mycotoxin dietary exposure reduction strategies are proposed.

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Sample preparation and clean up in mycotoxin analysis: principles, applications and recent developments

Cited by 13 publications

References 168 publications

Recent aflatoxin survey data in milk and milk products: A review

Recent aflatoxin survey data in milk and milk products: A review

High Incidence and Levels of Ochratoxin A in Wines Sourced from the United States

Keeping mycotoxins away from the food: Does the existence of regulations have any impact in Africa?

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