Sample preparation methods for determination of drugs of abuse in hair samples: A review

Vogliardi, Susanna; Tucci, Marianna; Stocchero, Giulia; Ferrara, Santo Davide; Favretto, Donata

doi:10.1016/j.aca.2014.06.053

Cited by 111 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 160 publications

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“…Peak areas ranged from 47.7 to 79.3 % of the LLOQ (mean ± SD; 63.8 ± 11.8 %) in the methylene chloride wash, from 56.9 to 72.82 % (mean ± SD; 64.0 ± 5.2 %) in the first water wash and from 28.7 to 50.2 % (mean ± SD; 37.1 ± 7.9 %) in the second water wash. Based on these data, it seems that the presence of caffeine in the wash solvents is more likely to result from limited external contamination of the hair, rather than from premature extraction from the hair matrix. First, caffeine was detected in the first wash solvent consisting of methylene chloride, a non-protic solvent that does not make the hair swell [1,3]. Second, responses for caffeine overall decreased from the first to the second wash step using water, a protic solvent that causes swelling of the hair and may extract analytes [1,3].…”

Section: Hair Decontamination Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, caffeine was detected in the first wash solvent consisting of methylene chloride, a non-protic solvent that does not make the hair swell [1,3]. Second, responses for caffeine overall decreased from the first to the second wash step using water, a protic solvent that causes swelling of the hair and may extract analytes [1,3]. Third, caffeine's metabolite paraxanthine was not detected in any of the wash solvents, supporting limited external contamination with caffeine rather than premature extraction of the analytes.…”

Section: Hair Decontamination Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Incorporation of compounds in hair is a complex process in which various factors are involved. From a physicochemical point of view, the incorporation rate of a given compound is mainly determined by its lipophilicity and basicity [1,3,4]. Given the slightly higher lipophilic and basic characteristics of caffeine compared to its demethylated metabolite paraxanthine, it can be expected that caffeine may be better incorporated into hair.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, hair analysis is characterized by certain inherent limitations, mainly in the interpretation of hair results. False positive results may result from external contamination of the hair [1][2][3][4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The majority of published methods deals with the determination of drugs of abuse and markers of alcohol use. Standard protocols are not available and several procedures to extract analytes from hair, such as extraction using organic solvents or aqueous buffers, digestion of the hair with NaOH or acid solutions and enzymatic digestion, have been combined with different separation and detection techniques, mainly GC-or LC-MS(/MS) [1,2]. Hair analysis is actively applied as an alternative matrix in different areas, such as clinical and forensic toxicology, abstinence monitoring for driving license regranting or child custody cases, workplace drug testing and doping control [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An optimized and validated SPE-LC–MS/MS method for the determination of caffeine and paraxanthine in hair

Kesel

Lambert

Stove

2015

Talanta

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Caffeine is the probe drug of choice to assess the phenotype of the drug metabolizing enzyme CYP1A2. Typically, molar concentration ratios of paraxanthine, caffeine's major metabolite, to its precursor are determined in plasma following administration of a caffeine test dose. The aim of this study was to develop and validate an LC-MS/MS method for the determination of caffeine and paraxanthine in hair. The different steps of a hair extraction procedure were thoroughly optimized. Following a three-step decontamination procedure, caffeine and paraxanthine were extracted from 20 mg of ground hair using a solution of protease type VIII in Tris buffer (pH 7.5). Resulting hair extracts were cleaned up on Strata-X ™ SPE cartridges.All samples were analyzed on a Waters Acquity UPLC ® system coupled to an AB SCIEX API 4000™ triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The final method was fully validated based on international guidelines. Linear calibration lines for caffeine and paraxanthine ranged from 20 to 500 pg/mg. Precision (%RSD) and accuracy (%bias) were below 12 and 7 %, respectively. The isotopically labeled internal standards compensated for the ion suppression observed for both compounds. Relative matrix effects were below 15 %RSD. The recovery of the sample preparation procedure was high (> 85 %) and reproducible. Caffeine and paraxanthine were stable in hair for at least 644 days. The effect of the hair decontamination procedure was evaluated as well. Finally, the applicability of the developed procedure was demonstrated by determining caffeine and paraxanthine concentrations in hair samples of ten healthy volunteers. The optimized and validated method for determination of caffeine and paraxanthine in hair proved to be reliable and may serve to evaluate the potential of hair analysis for CYP1A2 phenotyping.

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Section: Hair Decontamination Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hair Decontamination Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

An optimized and validated SPE-LC–MS/MS method for the determination of caffeine and paraxanthine in hair

Kesel

Lambert

Stove

2015

Talanta

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Development and validation of a high‐performance liquid chromatography method for determination of lisinopril in human plasma by magnetic solid‐phase extraction and pre‐column derivatization

Rastkari

Ahmadkhaniha

2017

Biomedical Chromatography

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A sensitive, reliable and simple HPLC method was developed for the determination of lisinopril in human plasma. The method consists of extraction and clean-up steps based on magnetic solid-phase extraction and pre-column derivatization with a fluorescent reagent. The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of methanol-sodium dihydrogen phosphate (pH 3.0; 0.005 m; 75:25, v/v). The flow rate was set at 0.7 mL/min. Fluorescence detection was performed at 470nm excitation and 530nm emission wavelengths. Total chromatography run time was 5 min. The average extraction recovery of lisinopril and fluvoxamine (internal standard) was ≥82.8%. The limits of detection and quantification were determined as 1 and 3 ng/mL respectively. The method exhibited a linear calibration line over the concentration range of 3-1000 ng/mL with coefficient of determination (r ) of ≥0.98. The within-run and between-run precisions were satisfactory with values of CV of 1.8-12.8% (accuracy from 99.2 to 94.7%) and 2.4-13.7% (accuracy from 99.5 to 92.2%), respectively. These developments led to considerable improvement in method sensitivity and reliability. The method was validated according to the US Food and Drug Administration guidelines. Therefore, it can be considered as a suitable method for determination of lisinopril in plasma samples.

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Contactless decontamination of hair samples: cannabinoids

Restolho

Barroso

Saramago

et al. 2016

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Room temperature ionic liquids (ILs) have already been shown to provide efficient extraction media for several systems, and to capture volatile compounds, namely opiates. In this work, a novel, contactless, artefact-free extraction procedure for the removal of Δ -tetrahrydrocannabinol (THC) from the surface of human hair is presented. To prepare in vitro cannabinoids-contaminated hair, samples were flushed with hashish smoke for 7 h. The decontamination experiments were carried at 100 °C for 24 h, according to the procedure previously described. Fifty-three ILs were screened and presented decontamination efficiencies ranging from 0 to 96 %. Although the majority of the ILs presented efficiencies above 90%, the 1-ethanol-3-methyl tetrafluoroborate (96%) was chosen for further process optimization. The Design of Experiments results demonstrated that all studied variables were significant for the process and the obtained optimum conditions were: 100 °C, 13 h and 175 mg of IL. In the work of Perrotin-Brunel et al. (J. Mol. Struct. 2011, 987, 67), it is demonstrated that, at 100 °C, full conversion of tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) into THC is obtained after 60 min. Since our decontamination takes place over 13 h at 100 °C, full conversion of THCA into THC is expected. Additionally, our method was compared with the method proposed by Cairns et al. (Forensic Sci. Int. 2004, 145, 97), through the analysis of 15 in vitro contaminated hair samples. The results demonstrated that with our method a mean extraction efficiency of 11 % higher was obtained. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Sample preparation methods for determination of drugs of abuse in hair samples: A review

Cited by 111 publications

References 160 publications

An optimized and validated SPE-LC–MS/MS method for the determination of caffeine and paraxanthine in hair

An optimized and validated SPE-LC–MS/MS method for the determination of caffeine and paraxanthine in hair

Development and validation of a high‐performance liquid chromatography method for determination of lisinopril in human plasma by magnetic solid‐phase extraction and pre‐column derivatization

Contactless decontamination of hair samples: cannabinoids

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