“…Each individual updates their states through neighbor information, resulting in collective behaviors such as clustering and separation. Especially, many works of multi-agent systems had emerged, such as consensus Wang, Liu, Ji and Han (2020); Liu, Ji and Zhang (2020a); Sun, Ji and Liu (2020); Sun, Ji, Qi and Ma (2019), controllability Lu, Ji and Zhang (2020); Qu, Ji and Shi (2020); Ji, Lin, Cao, Qi and Ma (2021); Guan, Tian and Wang (2019); ; Liu, Ji and Ma (2020b); Lou, Ji and Qu (2020), observability ; ; Liu, Xu, Su, Wu and Bai (2019), stabilisability Guan and Kong (2019), optimal control Sun, Liu, Li and Niu (2018); Sun, Liu and Li (2020); Sun, Liu and Li (2021); Han, Ji and Qi (2020); Qi, Xie and Zhang (2020); Qi, Zhang and Wu (2018) and model-free adaptive control Hou and Xiong (2019).…”