Sand-filters used for wastewater treatment: buildup and distribution of microorganisms

Removal of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes from domestic sewage by constructed wetlands: Optimization of wetland substrates and hydraulic loading

“…Compared to conventional wastewater treatment technologies, CWs have economical and eco-friendly advantages due to their low-cost, easy operation and low maintenance (Puigagut et al, 2008;Faulwetter et al, 2009). Constructed wetland systems have already been used in the treatment of a wide range of wastewaters originated from domestic (Bahgat et al, 1999;Decamp and Warren, 2001;Keffala and Ghrabi, 2005;Nurk et al, 2005;Reyes-Contreras et al, 2012;Adrados et al, 2014;Younger and Henderson, 2014), industrial (Calheiros et al, 2007;Tao et al, 2007;Younger and Henderson, 2014), and agricultural sources (Nguyen, 2000;Tanner et al, 2002;Yeh et al, 2009;Liu et al, 2013a), as well as landfill leachate (Kozub and Liehr, 1999;Sundberg et al, 2007).…”

Municipal wastewater treatment using novel constructed soil filter system

“…For waters already treated to primary and secondary levels, land treatment is a promising tertiary treatment technology. There are many types of land treatment system namely slow-rate irrigation system (Ou et al, 1997), overland flow system (Smith and Schroeder, 1985), rapid infiltration systems (Bouwer, 1985), sand filters (Bahgat et al, 1999), soil infiltration systems (Jenssen and Siegrist, 1990) and intermittent buried sand filters (Schudel and Boller, 1990). Operation cost, mismatch of operating requirements with local skills and space constraint has limited their applications (Bahgat et al, 1999).…”

Treatment of municipal wastewater using laterite-based constructed soil filter

“…One of the hurdles is the cost associated with its operation as regular supply of energy may not be available and the operating requirements are often ill matched to local skills. As a result such plants can be beyond the reach of the community (Fallowfield and Garrett, 1985;Bahgat et al, 1999). Natural systems overcome these disadvantages, viz., land treatment and wetland systems.…”

“…Land treatment system comprises of mainly SlowRate Irrigation System (Ou et al, 1997), Overland Flow System (Smith and Schroeder, 1985), Compact Filter System (Heistad et al, 2006), Multi Soil Layering System (Luanmanee et al (2001), Rapid Infiltration System (Bouwer, 1985) and On Site Disposal System. Operation cost, mismatch of operating requirements with local skills and space constraint particularly in the urban sector of the developing world have limited their application to a great extent (Bahgat et al, 1999).…”