Sandalwood-derived carbon quantum dots as bioimaging tools to investigate the toxicological effects of malachite green in model organisms

A Strategic Review on Carbon Quantum Dots for Cancer-Diagnostics and Treatment

“… Schematic of Synthesis of CQDs from (A) lysozyme via hydrothermal method( Yadav et al, 2021 ), (B) DNA via sonication and hydrothermal method ( Ding et al, 2015 ), (C) Ocimumtenuiflorum via hydrothermal method( Shukla et al, 2020 ), (D) Gynostemma via Calcination ( Wei et al, 2019 ), (E) nucleotides via hydrothermal method ( Zheng et al, 2019 )and (F) hemoglobin via simple heating ( Chakraborty et al, 2018 ). …”

“…Apart from these unique properties, the presence of multifunctional groups and heteroatoms and large abundance offer more capabilities in the biomedical field. Plenty of precursors are available in nature for the synthesis of CQDs, low molecular weight biomolecules, biopolymers, biomass such as plant leaves ( Shukla et al, 2020 ) ( Li et al, 2021 ), fruits ( Ramezani, Qorbanpour, and Rahbar 2018 ) ( Tadesse et al, 2020 ), vegetables ( Sachdev and Gopinath 2015 ), flowers ( Wang Y. et al, 2020 ; Rojas-valencia et al, 2021 ) and milk ( Han et al, 2015 ; Wang D. et al, 2016 ). In this review, we discuss recent advances of CQDs derived from biomolecules and medicinal plants for their application in oncology research and treatment, including diagnosis of the tumor, cell imaging, photoinduced therapy and drug delivery ( Figure 1 ).…”

Synthesis and characterization of novel protein nanodots as drug delivery carriers with an enhanced biological efficacy of melatonin in breast cancer cells

“…49 Aer the incubation time, the MTT assay was performed according to standard protocol. 25,43 The cytotoxicity was measured by determining the change of color formed due to formazan from 3-(4,5dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide salt. The absorbance of the colored medium was measured at 595 nm using a microplate reader (instrument), and the percent viability was calculated by taking the viability of the control cells as 100%.…”

“…42 These concerns have restricted the widescale biological application of available uorescent materials especially in vivo, which has fueled the search for alternative nontoxic and environment-friendly nanoparticles for bioimaging and drug delivery. 43 As an alternative, uorescent nanodots synthesized from bio-molecules (such as DNA, nucleotides, and carbohydrates) have received increased interest due to their characteristics, like excellent biocompatibility, facile synthesis method, water solubility, high photostability, low cost, and higher lifetime. [44][45][46] In particular, based on their robust and tunable photoluminescence properties, nanodots are effectively employed in biomedical applications.…”

“… 42 These concerns have restricted the widescale biological application of available fluorescent materials especially in vivo , which has fueled the search for alternative nontoxic and environment-friendly nanoparticles for bioimaging and drug delivery. 43 …”