Sandwich Evaporation–Solvent Annealing Fabrication of Highly Crystalline MAPbI_xCl_3–x Perovskite Solar Cells

Abstract

Perovskites doped with chlorine (Cl − ), which are usually fabricated using the solution process, can effectively improve the stability and carrier mobility. Compared with the low tolerance of the solution process that relies mostly on personal skill, thermal evaporation is an important method for large-scale production of perovskite solar cells but the production cost is high. In this study, the sandwich evaporation−solvent annealing (SE−SA) method is proposed. Using sandwich evaporation with a lowcost chamber of the sandwich evaporation technique (SET) made in the laboratory and with the help of DMSO steam-assisted crystallization, we have successfully produced chlorine-containing perovskite solar cells with a high crystallinity and a high efficiency of 15.1% with V oc = 0.98 V, J sc = 21.94 mA/cm 2 , FF = 74.29%, and R s = 3.66 Ω•cm 2 , which can greatly reduce the production cost. It is worth mentioning that all the processes are carried out outside a glove box, which makes it possible for large-scale production of chlorine-containing perovskite solar cells by evaporation.

Bandgap Tunable Perovskite for Si-Based Triple Junction Tandem Solar Cell: Numerical Analysis-Aided Experimental Investigation

“…After the SET experiment for all techniques, the excess MAI on the surface was rinsed away using IPA at 4000 rpm for 10 s, followed by annealing at 120 °C for 5 min to obtain a smooth and black perovskite surface. Interestingly, for the chlorine-based structure, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was utilized as a solvent via the SE-SA 31 technique for controlling the crystallinity, along with reducing the pinhole effects and surface defects, which play a crucial role in determining the quality of the perovskite layer. Next, phenyl-C 60 -methyl butyrate (PC 60 BM) (99.5%, Echo Chemical Co., Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan) (20 mg/mL) was chosen as a material for the electron transport layer (ETL), which was dissolved in chlorobenzene (CB, 99%, Acros Organics, Antwerpen, Belgium), followed by spin-coating on the perovskite structure at 3000 rpm for 60 s and kept under vacuum for 12 h to volatilize CB.…”

Advances in Carbon Materials Applied to Carbon‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells

“…[7] In this context, great effort has been expended in the field of photovoltaic energy to solve the PSC instability problem. The use of additives to control the morphology of the perovskite layer, [8][9][10][11][12] solvent engineering, [13][14][15] doping, and replacing lead metal in the perovskite crystal with ions such as cesium or tin represent alternatives to improve the physical properties of the layer interface. [16][17][18][19] Furthermore, the manufacturing costs are high.…”

Strategic Optimization of Annealing Parameters for Efficient and Low Hysteresis Triple Cation Perovskite Solar Cell

“…[34][35][36] The photoelectric properties of perovskite materials depend on the annealing parameters too. [37][38][39] The key factors are temperature and time which deeply influence the annealing properties primarily responsible for device performance. [40][41] Previous studies report the long annealing time of 60 min for the crystallization of mixed cation perovskite layers is technically not feasible ensuing in excessive resources and energy consumption.…”

“…It assists the crystallization process, morphology changes, and device performance [34–36] . The photoelectric properties of perovskite materials depend on the annealing parameters too [37–39] . The key factors are temperature and time which deeply influence the annealing properties primarily responsible for device performance [40–41] .…”