In Cs-based all inorganic perovskite solar cells based, doping Sn can cause lattice shrinkage, which reduces annealing temperature of forming photoactive phase.

Perovskites doped with chlorine (Cl − ), which are usually fabricated using the solution process, can effectively improve the stability and carrier mobility. Compared with the low tolerance of the solution process that relies mostly on personal skill, thermal evaporation is an important method for large-scale production of perovskite solar cells but the production cost is high. In this study, the sandwich evaporation−solvent annealing (SE−SA) method is proposed. Using sandwich evaporation with a lowcost chamber of the sandwich evaporation technique (SET) made in the laboratory and with the help of DMSO steam-assisted crystallization, we have successfully produced chlorine-containing perovskite solar cells with a high crystallinity and a high efficiency of 15.1% with V oc = 0.98 V, J sc = 21.94 mA/cm 2 , FF = 74.29%, and R s = 3.66 Ω•cm 2 , which can greatly reduce the production cost. It is worth mentioning that all the processes are carried out outside a glove box, which makes it possible for large-scale production of chlorine-containing perovskite solar cells by evaporation.

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