Sanguinarine in the blood and urine of cases of epidemic dropsy

Assessing the risk of epidemic dropsy from black salve use

“…The authors also reported the severity of disease seemed dependent on sanguinarine levels. Another study investigated 22 patients with epidemic dropsy, the two with measurable blood sanguinarine levels being most severely affected (Shenolikar, Rukmini, Krishnamachari, & Satyanarayana, ). Sanguinarine, however, may be an indicator of the level of AO exposure rather than the causative toxic agent.…”

Inhibitory effects of sanguinarine on human liver cytochrome P450 enzymes

“…Furthermore, all these K i values fall in the range of the plasma concentrations (0.3-23.5 lM) of SAG in human (Shenolikar et al, 1974;Banerjee et al, 2000). Thus, SAG possesses potential for inhibitory effects on these CYP isoforms in vivo.…”

“…Additionally, the difference in CYP inhibition profile of SAG between rat (CYP1A, CYP2D, CYP2E and CYP3A) and human (CYP1A, CYP2C and CYP3A) indicates that the data obtained from animal testing cannot reliably be extrapolated to human. Moreover, since the highest clinically available plasma concentration of SAG is 23.5 lM (Shenolikar et al, 1974;Banerjee et al, 2000), the in vivo influence of SAG on the hepatic CYP2A6, CYP2D6 and CYP2E1 is likely to be weak.…”

“…According to the previous studies (Shenolikar et al, 1974;Banerjee et al, 2000), human plasma concentrations of SAG range from 0.01 to 0.78 lg/ml (0.3-23.5 lM). Thus, the unbound average plasma concentration (C ave,u ) was calculated to be 5.0 lM by multiplying average plasma concentration (11.9 lM) with plasma unbound fraction of SAG (f p = 0.42).…”

“…Unbound fraction of SAG in plasma (f p ) was obtained from the separate experiments using the ultrafiltration method (Taylor and Harker, 2006) at low (1 lM), middle (10 lM) and high (20 lM) plasma concentrations of SAG reported in the literature (Shenolikar et al, 1974;Banerjee et al, 2000).…”