Sarcopenia as a Determinant of Blood Pressure in Older Koreans: Findings from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) 2008–2010

Abstract

BackgroundBlood pressure (BP) is directly and causally associated with body size in the general population. Whether muscle mass is an important factor that determines BP remains unclear.ObjectiveTo investigate whether sarcopenia is associated with hypertension in older Koreans.ParticipantsWe surveyed 2,099 males and 2,747 females aged 60 years or older.MeasurementsSarcopenia was defined as an appendicular skeletal muscle mass divided by body weight (ASM/Wt) that was <1 SD below the gender-specific mean for young adults. Obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2. Subjects were divided into four groups based on presence or absence of obesity or sarcopenia. Hypertension was defined as a systolic BP (SBP) ≥140 mmHg, a diastolic BP (DBP) ≥90 mmHg, or a self-reported current use of antihypertensive medications.ResultsThe overall prevalence of hypertension in the four groups was as follows 49.7% for non-obese non-sarcopenia, 60.9% for non-obese sarcopenia, 66.2% for obese non-sarcopenia and 74.7% for obese sarcopenia. After adjustment for age, gender, regular activity, current smoking and alcohol use, the odds ratio (OR) for having hypertension was 1.5 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.23–1.84) in subjects in the non-obese sarcopenia group, 2.08 (95% CI = 1.68–2.57) in the obese non-sarcopenia group and 3.0 (95% CI = 2.48–3.63) in the obese sarcopenia group, compared with the non-obese non-sarcopenia group (p for trend <0.001). Controlling further for body weight and waist circumference did not change the association between hypertension and sarcopenia. The association between sarcopenia and hypertension was more robust in the subjects with diabetes mellitus.ConclusionBody composition beyond BMI has a considerable impact on hypertension in elderly Koreans. Subjects with sarcopenic obesity appear to have a greater risk of hypertension than simply obese or sarcopenia subjects.

Maintaining Metabolically Healthy Overweight and Risk of Incident Type 2 Diabetes or Cardiovascular Disease

“…Thus, visceral fat could increase, although body weight decreased. Sarcopenic obesity is associated with hypertension [35] and CVD [36]. In fact, the individuals who transitioning from MHO to MAO phenotype were older and had higher blood pressure (data not shown).…”

Association between sarcopenic obesity and cardiovascular risk: where are we?

“…After adjusting for confounding factors the group with SO showed a higher chance of dyslipidemia (OR, 2.82; 95% CI, 1.76-4.51) regardless of sex (15). Many cross-sectional studies in the Korean population, especially in elderly subjects (7,10,14,43,44), but also in adults (11,12,45), showed that SO was associated with changes in the lipid profile characterized by elevated levels of triglycerides (TGL) (7,10,14,22,(43)(44)(45), total cholesterol (TC) (22) and reduction of the high density lipoprotein (HDL) (10,11). They used as criterion for diagnosis of sarcopenia, ASM adjusted for body mass and for obesity, BMI > 25 kg/m 2 , the visceral fat area (VFA) by computed tomography (CT) or waist circumference (WC).…”

“…The association between SO and insulin resistance was described, only in women (11), male (12) or in the both sexes (3,7,9,14,15,43,44). All these studies used HOMA-IR (homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance) to investigated insulin resistance, but different methodologies were used to evaluate sarcopenia: ASM adjusted for body mass (7,11,12,14,15,43,44) or height (9), muscular area in the thigh/visceral fat (3) and the MM index (DEXA) (11) and BMI (12,14,15,43,44), VFA (3,7,11) and WC (9) for evaluate obesity. Individuals with SO showed a higher HOMA-IR when compared to others who were obese, sarcopenic or normal individuals (3,7,9,11,12,14,15,43,44).…”

“…The association with hypertension is the most studied. Studies evaluating sarcopenia by ASM adjusted for body mass (12,14,21,44,45,51) and SMI (19) and obesity by BMI (12,14,21,44), the WC (45,51) andVFA (19) showed that both men and women with SO had higher blood pressure values compared with sarcopenic, obese or normal individuals (12,14,19,21). Individuals with SO also had higher prevalence of (44,45) and a higher odds ratio of developing hypertension compared to normal subjects (44,51).…”

Magnitude e duração da resposta hipotensora em hipertensos: efeitos do exercício físico contínuo e intervalado

“…Uma das doenças cardiovasculares que está associada ao processo de envelhecimento e sarcopenia é a HAS (CHUNG et al, 2013;HAN et al, 2014;PARK et al, 2013 …”