SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Vaccine Development and Production: An Ethical Way Forward

Iserson, Kenneth V.

doi:10.1017/s096318012000047x

Cited by 38 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…A running assumption in this paper has been that it is possible to produce an expedited vaccine in both a medically and an ethically sound way. This is, of course, a significant assumption, and some have called it into question (Iserson 2020 ). There may be very good reasons not to have expedited a vaccine, but that question has been set aside here.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Tale of Two Crises: Addressing Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy as Promoting Racial Justice

Bunch

2021

HEC Forum

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The year 2020 has yielded twin crises in the United States: a global pandemic and a public reckoning with racism brought about by a series of publicized instances of police violence toward Black men and women. Current data indicate that nationally, Black Americans are three times more likely than White Americans to contract Covid-19 (with further variance by state), a pattern that underscores the more general phenomenon of health disparity among Black and White Americans (Oppel et al. in The New York Times 2020; APM Research Lab Staff in APM Research Lab 2020). Once exposed, Black Americans are twice as likely to die of the virus. Unsurprisingly, Black Americans report higher levels of fear of Covid-19 than their White peers, but they also report higher levels of hesitancy toward a Covid-19 vaccine. This paper explores why this apparent discrepancy exists. It also provides practical recommendations for how government and public health leaders might address vaccine hesitancy in the context of the twin crises of 2020.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Tale of Two Crises: Addressing Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy as Promoting Racial Justice

Bunch

2021

HEC Forum

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“…However, many experts around the globe suspect the credibility of this work as it takes a minimum of 18 months to develop the first vaccine even after tremendous efforts. While some presume that a huge dose of vaccines (around hundreds of million) will be ready to launch by the end of this year ( Iserson, 2020 ).…”

Section: Progress On Covid-19 Vaccines Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and in-line treatment of COVID-19

Samudrala

Kumar

Choudhary

et al. 2020

European Journal of Pharmacology

126

107

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SARS-CoV-2, a newly emerged pathogen in December 2019, marked as one of the highly pathogenic Coronavirus, and altogether this is the third coronavirus attack that crossed the species barrier. As of 1 st July 2020, it is spreading around 216 countries, areas or territories, and a total of 10,185,374 and 503,862 confirmed cases and death reports, respectively. The SARS-CoV-2 virus entered into the target cells by binding with the hACE2 receptors. Spike glycoprotein promotes the entry of the virus into host target cells. Literature reported a significant mutation in receptor binding sites and membrane proteins of the previous SARS-CoV to turned as SARS-CoV-2 virus, responsible for most dreadful pandemic COVID-19. These modifications may be the probable reason for the extreme transmission and pathogenicity of the virus. A hasty spread of COVID-19 throughout the world is highly threatening, but still, scientists do not have a proper therapeutic measure to fight with it. Scientists are endeavoring across the world to find effective therapy to combat COVID 19. Several drugs such as Remdesivir, Hydroxychloroquine, Chloroquine, Ribavirin, Ritonavir, Lopinavir, Favipiravir, Interferons, Bevacizumab, Azithromycin, etc. are currently under clinical trials. Vaccine development from various pharmaceutical companies and research institutes is under progress, and more than ten vaccine candidates are in the various phases of clinical trials. This review work highlighted the origin, emergence, structural features, pathogenesis, and clinical features of COVID-19. We have also discussed the in-line treatment strategies, preventive measures, and vaccines to combat the emergence of COVID-19.

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“…The principle of nonmaleficence needs to be applied also for a process of vaccine development and registration. Because this process is accompanied by uncertainties about possible adverse effects, a special attention needs to be paid in order to prevent harm to test subjects and future vaccine recipients [ 23 , 24 , 77 , 78 ]. Because children have limited capacity of understanding and may be subject to coercion, they are considered a vulnerable population [ 79 ].…”

Section: Nonmaleficencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Preventive vaccination is a complex topic, because it involves an individual, doctor–patient perspective, as well as a public health perspective. At the level of society, the major ethical dilemmas concern vaccine development and safety issues [ 23 , 24 , 25 ], fair global vaccine allocation and development [ 26 ], vaccination for travellers and workers [ 21 , 27 , 28 ] and ethical justification of measures to maintain herd immunity of the population [ 5 , 15 , 19 ]. At the level of an individual, there can be conflicts between respect for parents’ autonomy, the child’s best interest and just contribution to herd immunity [ 5 , 29 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethics of Vaccination in Childhood—A Framework Based on the Four Principles of Biomedical Ethics

Rus

Grošelj

2021

Vaccines

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Although vaccination is recognised as the top public health achievement of the twentieth century, unequivocal consensus about its beneficence does not exist among the general population. In countries with well-established immunisation programmes, vaccines are “victims of their own success”, because low incidences of diseases now prevented with vaccines diminished the experience of their historical burdens. Increasing number of vaccine-hesitant people in recent years threatens, or even effectively disables, herd immunity levels of the population and results in outbreaks of previously already controlled diseases. We aimed to apply a framework for ethical analysis of vaccination in childhood based on the four principles of biomedical ethics (respect for autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence and justice) to provide a comprehensive and applicable model on how to address the ethical aspects of vaccination at both individual and societal levels. We suggest finding an “ethical equilibrium”, which means that the degree of respect for parents’ autonomy is not constant, but variable; it shall depend on the level of established herd immunity and it is specific for every society. When the moral obligation of individuals to contribute to herd immunity is not fulfilled, mandatory vaccination policies are ethically justified, because states bear responsibility to protect herd immunity as a common good.

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SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Vaccine Development and Production: An Ethical Way Forward

Cited by 38 publications

References 14 publications

A Tale of Two Crises: Addressing Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy as Promoting Racial Justice

A Tale of Two Crises: Addressing Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy as Promoting Racial Justice

Virology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and in-line treatment of COVID-19

Ethics of Vaccination in Childhood—A Framework Based on the Four Principles of Biomedical Ethics

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