SARS-CoV-2 immunity and functional recovery of COVID-19 patients 1-year after infection

Zhan, Yan; Zhu, Yufang; Wang, Shanshan; Jia, Suotang; Gao, Yunling; Lǚ, Yingying; Zhou, Chi; Liang, Ran; Sun, Dingwen; Wang, Xiaobo; Hou, Zhibing; Hu, Qiaoqiao; Du, Peng; Yu, Hao; Liu, Chang; Cui, Miao; Tong, Gangling; Zheng, Zhihua; Xu, Yunsheng; Zhu, Linyu; Cheng, Jin; Wu, Feng; Zheng, Yulan; Liu, Peijun; Hong, Peng

doi:10.1038/s41392-021-00777-z

Cited by 45 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 50 publications

(51 reference statements)

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“…The meta-analyses on prevalence data showed that common residual symptoms among COVID-19 survivors at one-year post infection included fatigue/weakness (28%), dyspnoea (18%), arthromyalgia (26%), depression (23%), anxiety (22%), memory loss (19%), concentration difficulties (18%), and insomnia (12%). The qualitative review of evidence on risk factors suggested that females [20,25,32,35] and those with severe/critical COVID-19 infection [25,34,35] were at higher risk of experiencing long-term post-COVID symptoms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The current body of evidence suggested that female sex [20,25,32,35] and severe/critical acute infection [25,34,35] could be risk factors for experiencing long-term post-COVID symptoms. A cohort study with 342 COVID-19 patients [39] found that time to complete recovery (no ongoing symptoms) was significantly longer in those with moderate and severe/critical initial illness than mild cases, and at least one persistent symptom was reported by 16.4%, 49.5%, and 52.5% of participants in mild, moderate, and severe/critical groups at one year after infection, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three studies [25,34,35] showed a higher risk of long-term symptoms in severe/critical patients than non-severe patients in terms of the acute infection status, one study [36] found such association only for muscle fatigue but not for other symptoms, and another study [32] did not detect the association. In addition, one study [28] reported higher prevalence of long-term symptoms in hospitalised patients than non-hospitalised patients, and another study [24] found a positive association between duration of invasive mechanical ventilation and post-COVID dyspnoea at one-year follow-up.…”

Section: Evidence Of Risk Factors For One-year Post-covid Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Long-Term Sequelae of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of One-Year Follow-Up Studies on Post-COVID Symptoms

et al. 2022

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Emerging evidence has shown that COVID-19 survivors could suffer from persistent symptoms. However, it remains unclear whether these symptoms persist over the longer term. This study aimed to systematically synthesise evidence on post-COVID symptoms persisting for at least 12 months. We searched PubMed and Embase for papers reporting at least one-year follow-up results of COVID-19 survivors published by 6 November 2021. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to estimate pooled prevalence of specific post-COVID symptoms. Eighteen papers that reported one-year follow-up data from 8591 COVID-19 survivors were included. Fatigue/weakness (28%, 95% CI: 18–39), dyspnoea (18%, 95% CI: 13–24), arthromyalgia (26%, 95% CI: 8–44), depression (23%, 95% CI: 12–34), anxiety (22%, 95% CI: 15–29), memory loss (19%, 95% CI: 7–31), concentration difficulties (18%, 95% CI: 2–35), and insomnia (12%, 95% CI: 7–17) were the most prevalent symptoms at one-year follow-up. Existing evidence suggested that female patients and those with more severe initial illness were more likely to suffer from the sequelae after one year. This study demonstrated that a sizeable proportion of COVID-19 survivors still experience residual symptoms involving various body systems one year later. There is an urgent need for elucidating the pathophysiologic mechanisms and developing and testing targeted interventions for long-COVID patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evidence Of Risk Factors For One-year Post-covid Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Long-Term Sequelae of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of One-Year Follow-Up Studies on Post-COVID Symptoms

et al. 2022

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“…SARS-CoV-2-specific memory T cell responses are long-lasting in recovered COVID-19 patients (37-39) even though SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody response may decrease (15,37,(40)(41)(42). Previous studies have shown that T cell responses to SARS-CoV-1 and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) are long-lasting, up to >17 years (43)(44)(45).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-Cell Analysis Reveals the Immune Characteristics of Myeloid Cells and Memory T Cells in Recovered COVID-19 Patients With Different Severities

Garg

Jia

et al. 2022

Front. Immunol.

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Despite many studies on the immune characteristics of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in the progression stage, a detailed understanding of pertinent immune cells in recovered patients is lacking. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing on samples from recovered COVID-19 patients and healthy controls. We created a comprehensive immune landscape with more than 260,000 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 41 samples by integrating our dataset with previously reported datasets, which included samples collected between 27 and 47 days after symptom onset. According to our large-scale single-cell analysis, recovered patients, who had severe symptoms (severe/critical recovered), still exhibited peripheral immune disorders 1–2 months after symptom onset. Specifically, in these severe/critical recovered patients, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II and antigen processing pathways were downregulated in both CD14 monocytes and dendritic cells compared to healthy controls, while the proportion of CD14 monocytes increased. These may lead to the downregulation of T-cell differentiation pathways in memory T cells. However, in the mild/moderate recovered patients, the proportion of plasmacytoid dendritic cells increased compared to healthy controls, accompanied by the upregulation of HLA-DRA and HLA-DRB1 in both CD14 monocytes and dendritic cells. In addition, T-cell differentiation regulation and memory T cell–related genes FOS, JUN, CD69, CXCR4, and CD83 were upregulated in the mild/moderate recovered patients. Further, the immunoglobulin heavy chain V3-21 (IGHV3-21) gene segment was preferred in B-cell immune repertoires in severe/critical recovered patients. Collectively, we provide a large-scale single-cell atlas of the peripheral immune response in recovered COVID-19 patients.

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“…Till January 5, 2022, there were 293.75 million confirmed cases of COVID‐19 and 5.45 million deaths 4 . There were approximately more than 200 million patients with post‐COVID‐19 condition (PCC), 5 , 6 of which over 90% suffered from persistent symptoms, including fatigue (53.1%−80%), breathlessness (43.4%−53%), anxiety (14.6%−23%), and insomnia (26%−30.8%), 7 ‐ 11 substantially reducing the quality of life 12 , 13 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Qingjin Yiqi granules for post‐COVID‐19 condition: A randomized clinical trial

Pang

Yang

Zhao

et al. 2022

J Evidence Based Medicine

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Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Qingjin Yiqi granules (QJYQ) on post‐COVID‐19 condition (PCC). Method Patients who met the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to two groups, the QJYQ group received QJYQ combined with standard rehabilitation treatments (SRTs) and the control group only received SRTs. The treatment course was 14 days. The primary outcomes were modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) scale and Borg scale, while the secondary outcomes included symptoms score and 6‐minute walking distance (6MWD). The safety outcome was the incidence of adverse events. Results A total of 388 patients with PCC were enrolled and randomly assigned to the QJYQ group (n = 194) and the control group (n = 194). Compared to the controls, the mMRC scale was improved in the QJYQ group, which was better than that of the control group [β (95%CI): –0.626 (–1.101, –0.151), p = 0.010]. A significant improvement in Borg scale was also observed in the QJYQ group compared to the control group [β (95%CI): –0.395(–0.744, –0.046), p = 0.026]. There was no statistically significant difference in symptoms score and 6MWD between the two groups (p = 0.293, p = 0.724). No treatment‐related adverse events were observed in either group. Conclusions QJYQ can bring benefits to patients with PCC, mainly in the improvement of breathlessness and fatigue.

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SARS-CoV-2 immunity and functional recovery of COVID-19 patients 1-year after infection

Cited by 45 publications

References 50 publications

Long-Term Sequelae of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of One-Year Follow-Up Studies on Post-COVID Symptoms

Long-Term Sequelae of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of One-Year Follow-Up Studies on Post-COVID Symptoms

Single-Cell Analysis Reveals the Immune Characteristics of Myeloid Cells and Memory T Cells in Recovered COVID-19 Patients With Different Severities

Qingjin Yiqi granules for post‐COVID‐19 condition: A randomized clinical trial

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