Abstract:In the absence of a vaccine, preventing the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the primary means to reduce the impact of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Multiple studies have reported the presence of SARS-CoV-2 genetic material on surfaces suggesting that fomite transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is feasible. High temperature inactivation of virus has been previously suggested, but not shown. In the present study, we investigated the environmental stability of SARS-C… Show more
“…Discussion Like several other viruses, coronaviruses can be inactivated by exposure to heat in a manner dependent on the matrix, humidity, and temperature. 37 We observed that BCoV in suspension in MEM had a half-life of 1.3 minutes when heated to 56°C (Figure 1), which is similar, albeit it shorter, than the reported half-life of SARS-CoV-2 in a matrix of artificial saliva (half-life of 10.8 minutes at 56°C 15 ). Using swatches of a variety of materials found inside the interior cabin of an automobile, we observed that heating the surface of these materials to 56°C followed by a 15minute hold was sufficient to inactivate 99% -99.99% of infectious viruses.…”
supporting
confidence: 52%
“…The front doors were closed during the experiment, as were the windows (with factory seals). Owing to the documented importance of humidity in coronavirus inactivation, 15 an industrial humidifier (Ideal Air, capacity 4 liters per hour) attached to a gravity-fed 20L carboy was placed inside the bus. This system was used to humidify the bus for one hour before initiation of heat treatment.…”
Heat is an established method to inactivate coronaviruses, and there is utility in using heat to reduce viral load on common touch points in vehicles exposed to a person shedding SARS-CoV-2. As SARS-CoV-2 is a Biosafety level (BSL)-3 pathogen, real-world testing of heat as a sanitation method for public and private vehicles becomes a challenge, requiring a surrogate coronavirus that can be handled safely outside of a BSL-3 facility. In this study, we used Bovine Coronavirus (BCoV) as a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2 to test the efficacy of heat-based betacoronavirus inactivation. In vitro, a 30-minute exposure to 56°C completely inactivated BCoV in solution, and a 15-minute exposure reduced recovery of BCoV >1000-fold. When heated to 56°C for 15 minutes, the infectivity of BCoV spotted and dried on typical porous and non-porous automobile interior materials was reduced by 99 - 99.99%. When BCoV was spotted and dried on hard plastic (seat) material placed inside an out of service transit bus, 56°C heat for 30 minutes reduced BCoV infectivity 85 - 99.5%. Thus, 56°C is an accessible, rapid, and effective method to inactivate coronaviruses inside motor vehicles.
“…Discussion Like several other viruses, coronaviruses can be inactivated by exposure to heat in a manner dependent on the matrix, humidity, and temperature. 37 We observed that BCoV in suspension in MEM had a half-life of 1.3 minutes when heated to 56°C (Figure 1), which is similar, albeit it shorter, than the reported half-life of SARS-CoV-2 in a matrix of artificial saliva (half-life of 10.8 minutes at 56°C 15 ). Using swatches of a variety of materials found inside the interior cabin of an automobile, we observed that heating the surface of these materials to 56°C followed by a 15minute hold was sufficient to inactivate 99% -99.99% of infectious viruses.…”
supporting
confidence: 52%
“…The front doors were closed during the experiment, as were the windows (with factory seals). Owing to the documented importance of humidity in coronavirus inactivation, 15 an industrial humidifier (Ideal Air, capacity 4 liters per hour) attached to a gravity-fed 20L carboy was placed inside the bus. This system was used to humidify the bus for one hour before initiation of heat treatment.…”
Heat is an established method to inactivate coronaviruses, and there is utility in using heat to reduce viral load on common touch points in vehicles exposed to a person shedding SARS-CoV-2. As SARS-CoV-2 is a Biosafety level (BSL)-3 pathogen, real-world testing of heat as a sanitation method for public and private vehicles becomes a challenge, requiring a surrogate coronavirus that can be handled safely outside of a BSL-3 facility. In this study, we used Bovine Coronavirus (BCoV) as a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2 to test the efficacy of heat-based betacoronavirus inactivation. In vitro, a 30-minute exposure to 56°C completely inactivated BCoV in solution, and a 15-minute exposure reduced recovery of BCoV >1000-fold. When heated to 56°C for 15 minutes, the infectivity of BCoV spotted and dried on typical porous and non-porous automobile interior materials was reduced by 99 - 99.99%. When BCoV was spotted and dried on hard plastic (seat) material placed inside an out of service transit bus, 56°C heat for 30 minutes reduced BCoV infectivity 85 - 99.5%. Thus, 56°C is an accessible, rapid, and effective method to inactivate coronaviruses inside motor vehicles.
“…The rapid heating and cooling afterward, which did not harm the polypropylene sample cup, may also have accelerated the damage to the viruses. Significantly, the inactivation exposure time of coronavirus by 95 GHz was faster than similar inactivation rates by UV-C and conventional heating (Abraham et al 2020 ; Sabino et al 2020 ; Storm et al 2020 ; Gidari et al 2021 ; Biryukov et al 2021 ). Fig.…”
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has raised the need of versatile means for virus decontamination. Millimeter waves are used in biochemical research in dynamic nuclear polarization enhanced nuclear magnetic resonance (DNP/NMR) spectroscopy. However, their efficiency in object decontamination for viruses has not been tested yet. Here we report the high efficiency of 95 GHz waves in killing both coronavirus 229E and poliovirus. An exposure of 2 s to 95 GHz waves reduced the titer of these viruses by 99.98% and 99.375%, respectively, and formed holes in the envelope of 229E virions as detected by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The ability of 95 GHz waves to reduce the coronavirus titer to a range of limited infective dose of SARS-CoV-2 for humans and animal models along with precise focusing capabilities for these waves suggest 95 GHz waves as an effective way to decontaminate objects.
“… 31 Moreover, Biryukov et al indicated that high temperature (54.5 °C) heat for 35.4 ± 9.0 min could shorten the half-life of SARS-CoV-2 and lead to 90% reduction in infectivity. 32 Even though there are many effective physics methods (UV-C light, ozone, high temperature, etc.) to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 on different materials, most of them require long duration and energy consumption and even present side effects on the human body and environment.…”
Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP), regarded as a powerful physics technology, displays antimicrobial, antitumor, and even antiviral properties, but the underlying mechanism is rarely studied. In this study, four CAP exposure doses (30, 60, 120, and 240 s) were applied to inactivate a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 like pseudovirus on a stainless steel disk, which comprised spike protein on its membrane and can express a green fluorescent protein. In order to unravel the potential effects of CAP irradiation on pseudovirus, infection assay, optical emission spectra analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, ELISA, and qPCR experiments were carried out. As a result, our study indicated that CAP irradiation can significantly decrease the infectivity of pseudovirus in a dose dependent manner through destroying the cell membrane and further damaging viral RNA, with the molecular weight and conformation of spike receptor binding domain protein unchanged.
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