SARS-CoV-2 reinfection after previous infection and vaccine breakthrough infection through the second wave of pandemic in India: An observational study

Dhumal, Sachin; Patil, Amar; More, Ashwini; Kamtalwar, Sujeet; Joshi, Amit D.; Gokarn, Anant; Mirgh, Sumeet; Thatikonda, Puneeth; Bhat, Prasanth; Murthy, Vedang; Chavan, Preeti; Oak, Amey; Gore, Suvarna; Bhattacharjee, Atanu; Patkar, Nikhil; Kannan, Sadhana; Shetty, Nitin; Rawat, Anurag; Achrekar, Meera Sharad; Trivedi, Bhakti; Laskar, Siddhartha; Chaturvedi, Pankaj; Badwe, Rajendra; Khattry, Navin; Gupta, Sudeep

doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2022.02.037

Cited by 27 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Initial studies reported that previously infected patients had the highest antibody titers and neutralizing activity against the S protein [46,47] by boosting the quantity, quality, and breadth of the humoral response [48]. Moreover, natural infection was associated with longer and stronger protection against reinfections and hospitalization [49], this hypothesis was later supported by Dhumal et al [50] and Abu-Raddad et al [51], in which a low probability of reinfection during the second waves of infection after vaccine application and natural infection was reported. This information could be a guiding factor in the design of more effective vaccination schemes for the future.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Variation in the Humoral Immune Response Induced by the Administration of the BNT162b2 Pfizer/BioNTech Vaccine: A Systematic Review

et al. 2022

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The BNT162b2 Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine was the first emergency approved vaccine during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the variations in the humoral immune response induced by the administration of the BNT162b2 vaccine in patients with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, the elderly, and those with comorbidities and immunosuppression states. Additionally, we analyzed the effect of generated neutralizing antibodies against the new variants of concern of SARS-CoV-2. Pubmed, Science Direct, Mendeley, and WorldWide Science were searched between 1 January 2020 and October 2021 using the keywords “BNT162b2”, “serology”, “comorbidity”, “immunosuppression”, and “variants of concern”dA total of 20 peer-reviewed publications were selected. The analysis showed that those individuals with previous infections have a considerably higher antibody response after the administration of BNT162b2 vaccine in contrast with seronegative individuals. With regard to variation in immune responses, elderly individuals, patients with cancer, or patients who had undergone a kidney transplant, dialysis, or who were pregnant had a lower antibody response in comparison to healthy individuals. Finally, antibodies developed against the S protein produced by the BNT162b2 vaccine, possessed lower neutralizing activity against the alpha, beta, gamma, and delta variants of SARS-CoV-2. In conclusion, patients with immunodeficiencies and comorbidities have a lesser antibody response, about which further studies need to be performed in order to analyze the effectiveness and duration of the humoral immunity associated with vaccination in these specific populations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Variation in the Humoral Immune Response Induced by the Administration of the BNT162b2 Pfizer/BioNTech Vaccine: A Systematic Review

et al. 2022

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“…Of the 3282 papers initially retrieved, we included 91 cohort studies evaluating the onset of reinfection, severe and very severe/lethal COVID‐19 among 15,034,624 previously infected subjects (Figure 1), either among health care workers (27 publications; n = 37,598 2,8,9,15,17,24,36,38,42–59 ) or in the general population (67 publications; n = 14,997,026 3–7,10,12,16–23,25–27,43,49,60–106 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of reinfection and disease afterSARS‐CoV‐2 primary infection: Meta‐analysis

Flacco

Martellucci

Baccolini³

et al. 2022

Eur J Clin Investigation

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Introduction A precise estimate of the frequency and severity of SARS‐CoV‐2 reinfections would be critical to optimize restriction and vaccination policies for the hundreds of millions previously infected subjects. We performed a meta‐analysis to evaluate the risk of reinfection and COVID‐19 following primary infection. Methods We searched MedLine, Scopus and preprint repositories for cohort studies evaluating the onset of new infections among baseline SARS‐CoV‐2‐positive subjects. Random‐effect meta‐analyses of proportions were stratified by gender, exposure risk, vaccination status, viral strain, time between episodes, and reinfection definition. Results Ninety‐one studies, enrolling 15,034,624 subjects, were included. Overall, 158,478 reinfections were recorded, corresponding to a pooled rate of 0.97% (95% CI: 0.71%–1.27%), with no substantial differences by definition criteria, exposure risk or gender. Reinfection rates were still 0.66% after ≥12 months from first infection, and the risk was substantially lower among vaccinated subjects (0.32% vs. 0.74% for unvaccinated individuals). During the first 3 months of Omicron wave, the reinfection rates reached 3.31%. Overall rates of severe/lethal COVID‐19 were very low (2–7 per 10,000 subjects according to definition criteria) and were not affected by strain predominance. Conclusions A strong natural immunity follows the primary infection and may last for more than one year, suggesting that the risk and health care needs of recovered subjects might be limited. Although the reinfection rates considerably increased during the Omicron wave, the risk of a secondary severe or lethal disease remained very low. The risk–benefit profile of multiple vaccine doses for this subset of population needs to be carefully evaluated.

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“…Accordingly, the administration of booster doses has become sine qua non in order to sustain immunity against the virus [10] , [11] . Yet, it is noteworthy to point out that the findings of [12] revealed that the likelihood of a reinfection, up to 1 year post a previous infection of Covid-19 and the rate of vaccine breakthrough infections are low. Hence, in this work, it is assumed that vaccination is 100% effective.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Hence, in this work, it is assumed that vaccination is 100% effective. Thus, the number of vaccinated individuals reintegrating the susceptible category in a given population, is considered as comparatively negligible [12] . Quarantine of individuals restricts the activities and separates individuals who have been exposed to an infected person [3] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Impact of Contact Tracing, Quarantine and Red Zone on the Dynamical Evolution of the Covid-19 Pandemic using the Cellular Automata Approach and the Resulting Mean Field System: A Case study in Mauritius

Ruhomally

Mungur

Khoodaruth

et al. 2022

Applied Mathematical Modelling

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SARS-CoV-2 reinfection after previous infection and vaccine breakthrough infection through the second wave of pandemic in India: An observational study

Cited by 27 publications

References 17 publications

Variation in the Humoral Immune Response Induced by the Administration of the BNT162b2 Pfizer/BioNTech Vaccine: A Systematic Review

Variation in the Humoral Immune Response Induced by the Administration of the BNT162b2 Pfizer/BioNTech Vaccine: A Systematic Review

Risk of reinfection and disease afterSARS‐CoV‐2 primary infection: Meta‐analysis

Assessing the Impact of Contact Tracing, Quarantine and Red Zone on the Dynamical Evolution of the Covid-19 Pandemic using the Cellular Automata Approach and the Resulting Mean Field System: A Case study in Mauritius

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