SARS-CoV-2 spillover into hospital outdoor environments

Zhang, Dayi; Zhang, Xian; Yang, Yunfeng; Huang, Xia; Jiang, Jingkun; Li, Miao; Ling, Haibo; Li, Jing; Liu, Yi; Li, Guanghe; Li, Weiwei; Yi, Chuan; Zhang, Ting; Jiang, Yongzhong; Xiong, Yan; He, Zhen-Yu; Wang, Xinzi; Deng, Songqiang; Zhao, Peng; Qu, Jiuhui

doi:10.1016/j.hazl.2021.100027

Cited by 38 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…These viruses often pose a serious threat to the whole community, resulting in an epidemic or pandemic ( Bishop and Kirkwood, 2008 ; Itagaki et al, 2018 ; Thongprachum et al, 2018 ). The most recent example of the severity of viruses is the SARS-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak ( Achak et al, 2020 ; Gonçalves et al, 2021 ; Zhang et al, 2021 ). Prado et al (2011) detected rotavirus A, human adenoviruses (HAdV), norovirus genogroup I and II, and hepatitis A viruses from two hospital WWTPs located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ( Prado et al, 2011 ).…”

Section: Hospital Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Prado et al (2011) detected rotavirus A, human adenoviruses (HAdV), norovirus genogroup I and II, and hepatitis A viruses from two hospital WWTPs located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ( Prado et al, 2011 ). Zhang et al (2021) reported a virus count of SARS-CoV-2 ranging between 255 copies/L and 18,744 copies/L detected in the wastewater samples collected from a hospital located in Wuhan, China ( Zhang et al, 2021 ). Likewise, Sibanda and Okoh (2012) reported an average virus count of HAdV ranging between 6.54 × 10 3 (genome copies/L) and 8.49 × 10 4 (genome copies/L), detected in the wastewater collected from a sampling site located near sewage outfall points of Victoria Hospital, South Africa ( Sibanda and Okoh, 2012 ).…”

Section: Hospital Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

An assessment of hospital wastewater and biomedical waste generation, existing legislations, risk assessment, treatment processes, and scenario during COVID-19

Parida

Sikarwar

Majumder

et al. 2022

Journal of Environmental Management

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Hospitals release significant quantities of wastewater (HWW) and biomedical waste (BMW), which hosts a wide range of contaminants that can adversely affect the environment if left untreated. The COVID-19 outbreak has further increased hospital waste generation over the past two years. In this context, a thorough literature study was carried out to reveal the negative implications of untreated hospital waste and delineate the proper ways to handle them. Conventional treatment methods can remove only 50%–70% of the emerging contaminants (ECs) present in the HWW. Still, many countries have not implemented suitable treatment methods to treat the HWW in-situ. This review presents an overview of worldwide HWW generation, regulations, and guidelines on HWW management and highlights the various treatment techniques for efficiently removing ECs from HWW. When combined with advanced oxidation processes, biological or physical treatment processes could remove around 90% of ECs. Analgesics were found to be more easily removed than antibiotics, β-blockers, and X-ray contrast media. The different environmental implications of BMW have also been highlighted. Mishandling of BMW can spread infections, deadly diseases, and hazardous waste into the environment. Hence, the different steps associated with collection to final disposal of BMW have been delineated to minimize the associated health risks. The paper circumscribes the multiple aspects of efficient hospital waste management and may be instrumental during the COVID-19 pandemic when the waste generation from all hospitals worldwide has increased significantly.

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Section: Hospital Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hospital Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 99%

An assessment of hospital wastewater and biomedical waste generation, existing legislations, risk assessment, treatment processes, and scenario during COVID-19

Parida

Sikarwar

Majumder

et al. 2022

Journal of Environmental Management

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In theory, SARS-CoV-2 infection via inhalation of aerosols is possible, similar to SARS-CoV infection via aerosolization from the plumbing system in Hong Kong as described earlier in this article. A study found SARS-CoV-2 RNA in soil (0.21 to 0.056 copies of RNA per mg of sample) and aerosols (0.29 to 1.1 copies of RNA per and omit /mm 3 ) in addition to its presence in wastewater (0.26-18.7 copies per mL of sample) and postulated that the virus genetic material was in soil due to deposition and in wastewater due to aerosolization from infected patients at a nearby hospital (Zhang et al, 2021). While Lednicky et al (2020) found that a SARS-CoV-2 strain in air matched the strain from infected patients within a hospital room, Correia et al (2020) pointed out that airborne transmission of SARs-CoV-2 is possible from building ventilation systems.…”

Section: The Fate Of Sars-cov-2 In Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence, environmental fate, treatment strategies, and future challenges for wastewater contaminated with SARS‐CoV‐2

Kuzniewski¹

2021

Remediation Journal

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has been detected in untreated and treated wastewater and studies have shown that the concentration of SARS‐CoV‐2 is proportional to the prevalence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) in communities. This article presents a literature review of the prevalence of SARS‐CoV‐2 in wastewater, its environmental fate, recommended treatment strategies for contaminated wastewater, and treatment challenges to be faced in the future. The environmental fate of SARS‐CoV‐2 in wastewater is not straightforward because it can be a source of infection when present in the treated wastewater depending on the permeability of the wastewater treatment plant containment area, and can also leach into aquifers, which may serve as drinking water supplies. Secondly, there are different practices that can mitigate the SARS‐CoV‐2 infection rate from infected feces and urine. The World Health Organization has recommended the use of ultraviolet radiation (UV), disinfection, and filtration for wastewater contaminated with SARS‐CoV‐2, processes also common in wastewater treatment facilities. This article discusses these strategies referencing studies performed with surrogate viruses and shows that SARS‐CoV‐2 treatment can be complicated due to the interference from other aqueous chemical and physical factors. Considering that COVID‐19 is not the first and certainly not the last pandemic, it is imperative to develop an effective multitreatment strategy for wastewater contaminated with contagious viruses and, preferably, those that are compatible with current wastewater treatment methods.

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“…The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the sewage treatment system (wastewater, soil, and aerosol) of Huoshenshan Hospital is illustrated in Figure . Among 10 wastewater, three aerosol, and two soil samples collected from all reactors (Figure b), three wastewater samples, one aerosol sample, and one soil sample were positive for SARS-CoV-2.…”

Section: Water-related Concerns and Strategies For Controlling Corona...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The soil samples collected from 2 m distance to the first regulating reservoir contained a significant level of SARS-CoV-2 RNA (550 copies/g). Notably, SARS-CoV-2 was not detected in surrounding aerosols and soils of Wuchang Cabin Hospital because of the temporary enclosed system, which effectively prevented the spread of SARS-CoV-2 . It is suggested that the appropriate sealing of the wastewater treatment system may prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2.…”

Section: Water-related Concerns and Strategies For Controlling Corona...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Global Overview of SARS-CoV-2 in Wastewater: Detection, Treatment, and Prevention

et al. 2021

Self Cite

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A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) causing corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has attracted global attention due to its highly infectious and pathogenic properties. Most of current studies focus on aerosols released from infected individuals, but the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater also should be examined. In this review, we used bibliometrics to statistically evaluate the importance of water-related issues in the context of COVID-19. The results show that the levels and transmission possibilities of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater are the main concerns, followed by potential secondary pollution by the intensive use of disinfectants, sludge disposal, and the personal safety of workers. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater requires more attention during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, the most effective techniques, i.e., wastewater-based epidemiology and quantitative microbial risk assessment, for virus surveillance in wastewater are systematically analyzed. We further explicitly review and analyze the successful operation of a sewage treatment plant in Huoshenshan Hospital in China as an example and reference for other sewage treatment systems to properly ensure discharge safety and tackle the COVID-19 pandemic. This review offers deeper insight into the prevention and control of SARS-CoV-2 and similar viruses in the post-COVID-19 era from a wastewater perspective.

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SARS-CoV-2 spillover into hospital outdoor environments

Abstract: Graphical abstract

Cited by 38 publications

References 39 publications

An assessment of hospital wastewater and biomedical waste generation, existing legislations, risk assessment, treatment processes, and scenario during COVID-19

An assessment of hospital wastewater and biomedical waste generation, existing legislations, risk assessment, treatment processes, and scenario during COVID-19

Prevalence, environmental fate, treatment strategies, and future challenges for wastewater contaminated with SARS‐CoV‐2

A Global Overview of SARS-CoV-2 in Wastewater: Detection, Treatment, and Prevention

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