SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines, Vaccine Development Technologies, and Significant Efforts in Vaccine Development during the Pandemic: The Lessons Learned Might Help to Fight against the Next Pandemic

Abstract

We are currently approaching three years since the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 has caused extensive disruptions in everyday life, public health, and the global economy. Thus far, the vaccine has worked better than expected against the virus. During the pandemic, we experienced several things, such as the virus and its pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatments; emerging variants; different vaccines; and the vaccine development processes. This review describes how each vaccine has been developed and approved with the help of modern technology. We also discuss critical milestones during the vaccine development process. Several lessons were learned from different countries during the two years of vaccine research, development, clinical trials, and vaccination. The lessons learned during the vaccine development process will help to fight the next pandemic.

SARS-CoV-2 Nanovaccine Composed of Microfluidic-Produced Gold Nanoparticles Induces Neutralizing Immune Responses

“…The outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID- 19) in December 2019 has raised the need to establish new effective and versatile vaccine platforms, whose adaptation to potential future threats is reasonably fast and technically plausible. 1 Among the vaccinal strategies that responded to the COVID-19 urgency were the new mRNA and recombinant adenovirus vectorized vaccines, as well as the more traditional vaccines consisting of inactivated virus particles and subunit vaccines based on recombinant viral proteins. 2,3 In this context, the receptor binding domain (RBD) protein has been selected as the core antigen of most vaccine formulations.…”

Non-invasive transdermal delivery of biomacromolecules with fluorocarbon-modified chitosan for melanoma immunotherapy and viral vaccines

“…Since the outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), various vaccines have been developed to suppress the infection of SARS-CoV-2 47 – 49 . Up to now, 242 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates are in clinical development, and 11 COVID-19 vaccines have been granted an Emergency Use Listing (EUL) by the WHO 50 . However, most of these vaccines need a subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, which not only requires well-trained medical staff but also faces some additional issues, such as the disposal of a large number of sterile syringes.…”

Vaccines reduced hospital length of stay and fraction of inspired oxygen of COVID-19 patients: A retrospective cohort study

“…Vaccine development has been accelerated in order to enhance host immunity to the virus. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) data, by December 2022, 50 vaccines have been approved by at least one country worldwide ( Chakraborty et al, 2023 ), which include whole virus live attenuated or inactivated, protein-based, viral vector, and nucleic acid vaccines ( Ndwandwe and Wiysonge, 2021b ). As of 1 December 2022, over 13 billion COVID-19 vaccine doses have been administered ( Tang et al, 2023 ).…”