SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: What we know, what we can do to improve them and what we could learn from other well-known viruses

Fiorino, Sirio; Carusi, A.; Hong, Wandong; Cernuschi, Paolo; Gallo, Claudio; Ferrara, Emanuele; Maloberti, Thais; Visani, Michela; Lari, Federico; Biase, Dario de; Zippi, Maddalena

doi:10.3934/microbiol.2022029

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“…Nevertheless, several studies have explored ferritin as a potential target for the treatment of COVID-19 and, 66 iii) In March 2020, since the earliest phases of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic outbreak, the rationale for a possible protective and therapeutic role of vitamin D and other micronutrients was proposed by Fiorino and other authors, 5,25,32,68 on the basis of the possible ability of some fat-soluble compounds, in modulating directly or indirectly the replication of SARS-CoV-2, in regulating host's immune activity against this pathogen and, probably, in improving his response to vaccination. 69 Since then, a large series of retrospective and prospective trials and systematic reviews have been carried out in patients suffering from COVID-19 with the aim to assess the potential association between their vitamin D levels and their disease outcome as well as the impact of vitamin D supplementation on their prognosis. These studies have been included in several meta-analyses.…”

Section: Laboratory Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics, comorbidities and laboratory measures associated with disease severity and poor prognosis in young and elderly patients with COVID-19 admitted to medical wards in Emilia-Romagna region, Italy: a multicentre retrospective study

et al. 2023

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Background and Objectives. A relatively small number of studies have investigated the characteristics, comorbidities and laboratory measures associated with prognosis in patients with COVID-19, admitted to Internal Medicine Units (IMU) in Italy. Therefore, we performed a retrospective multicentre study to identify baseline features, predisposing to severe disease and poor outcomes, in adult individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection, hospitalized in 5 IMUs in the Emilia-Romagna region (Italy). Materials and Methods. We included 129 consecutive patients (male 75, median age 68 years) from 1st March 2020 to 31st October 2021. Patients’ baseline characteristics, comorbidities, laboratory measures, and outcomes were collected. Results. At admission, the factors significantly associated with a higher risk of in-hospital mortality included: age (median 68 vs. 83 years in survived vs. dead patients, P=0.000), diabetes [Odds Ratio (OR) 4.00, P=0.016], chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR 4.60, P=0.022), cancer (OR 5.81, P=0.021), acute- (OR 9.88, P=0.000) and chronic-renal failure (OR 6.76, P=0.004). During the study period, 16 individuals died (12.4%), all over 70 years old. In deceased vs. non-deceased patients were detected: i) more elevated white blood cells and neutrophils-counts and lower lymphocytes count; ii) higher levels of total/direct bilirubin, creatinine, C-reactive-protein, lactate-dehydrogenase, ferritin, but only a slight Interleukin-6 increase; iii) a trend of lower vitamin D values. Conclusions. We proposed a new I index, a modified form of the Age-Adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index, by considering pO2/FiO2 ratio, to better characterize the severity of COVID-19. Furthermore, we critically discuss our results with the current assumption which considers COVID-19 as a pathological condition associated with cytokine storm.

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