Satellite Navigation Signal Authentication in GNSS: A Survey on Technology Evolution, Status, and Perspective for BDS

Chen, Xiao; Luo, Ruidan; Liu, Ting; Yuan, Hong; Wu, Haitao

doi:10.3390/rs15051462

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…However, in the context of an increasingly complex electromagnetic environment, the long propagation distance of GNSS signals makes them susceptible to jamming, resulting in a weakening of the signal power at the user receiver. Consequently, intentional or unintentional jamming during signal transmission may result in inaccurate information being conveyed by the satellite signals, thus adversely affecting the performance and reliability of the navigation system [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GNSS blanket jamming classification algorithm based on spatial attention mechanism and residual shrinkage neural network

Lin,

Zhuang,

Niu

et al. 2024

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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In the context of an increasingly complex electromagnetic environment, satellite navigation systems have become highly susceptible to jamming. Detecting and classifying jamming has thus become crucial for taking effective anti-jamming measures. This paper addresses the issue that the classification accuracy of blanket jamming declines drastically in low jamming-to-noise ratio (JNR) scenarios. To tackle this challenge, a novel algorithm is proposed that combines the spatial attention mechanism with a residual shrinkage neural network (RSN-SA) to classify 10 types of blanket jamming, ranging from single jamming to convolutional compound jamming. Specifically, the proposed algorithm first employs the Fourier Synchrosqueezed Transform (FSST) to extract time-frequency (TF) domain features from the original jamming signal, generating corresponding TF images. Then, the RSN-SA is employed to identify and classify these images effectively while minimizing the impact of noise-related features. This allows the main parts of the TF images to be focused on, resulting in higher recognition accuracy. Simulation results demonstrate that RSN-SA achieves close to 100% accuracy for six single blanket jamming signals. Moreover, compared with the other five algorithms, RSN-SA effectively enhances the classification accuracy of convolutional compound jamming signals in low JNR scenarios and improves the recognition stability in high JNR scenarios. Overall, the proposed algorithm provides a promising solution for classifying blanket jamming in satellite navigation systems with high accuracy and robustness.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GNSS blanket jamming classification algorithm based on spatial attention mechanism and residual shrinkage neural network

Lin,

Zhuang,

Niu

et al. 2024

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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“…However, SBAS currently relies on open signal formats for broadcasting, and the integrity cannot be guaranteed, whose signal has a security risk of spoofing attacks [ 1 ]. Therefore, improving the security of SBAS services has become a critical priority of SBAS technology development [ 2 ], and message authentication for SBAS offers a viable solution to address this issue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Satellite Navigation Message Authentication in GNSS: Research on Message Scheduler for SBAS L1

Song,

Liu,

Chen

et al. 2024

Sensors

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SBAS is mainly used in civil aviation and navigation, and will be applied to autonomous driving in the future. Given the open signal format of the Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS), which exposes security threats such as spoofing attacks, the utilization of SBAS navigation message authentication technology can improve the SBAS anti-spoofing ability from the system side. SBAS message authentication technology has become the future direction of SBAS system development. However, during the initial design of SBAS on L1, message authentication technology was not considered, and the addition of authentication messages will lead to further strain on existing message bandwidth resources. Therefore, in response to the issue of insufficient bandwidth resources after adding authentication messages to SBAS L1, a study on message scheduler for SBAS L1 authentication was conducted. A fixed time sequence dynamic message scheduler for incorporating authentication messages was proposed. This scheduler reduces the frequency of broadcasting clock error parameters to mitigate the impact of adding authentication messages. Furthermore, an optimized fixed time sequence dynamic message scheduler based on SBAS clock error messages was introduced. The results show that the message scheduler can not only improve the flexibility of SBAS message broadcasting, but also shorten the update interval of various types of messages under the premise of meeting the maximum update interval requirement. With minimal impact on the maximum message update interval, it improves the integrity, authenticity, and availability of messages. This approach can increase the effective message ratio in SBAS to over 91%, and the optimal solution reduces the initial user positioning time to 26 s.

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“…will no longer be secure. In particular, if a future quantum computer is built with the capability to implement these algorithms, the PKC system used in OSNMA (i.e., elliptic curves) would become vulnerable (Chen et al, 2023), putting the whole system at risk (Eledlebi et al, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Cryptographic Approaches for Quantum-Resistant Galileo OSNMA

Junquera-Sánchez,

Hernando-Ramiro,

Gamallo-Palomares,

et al. 2024

navi

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As time goes on, quantum computing has become more of a reality, bringing several cybersecurity challenges. Modern cryptography is based on the computational complexity of specific mathematical problems; however, as new quantum-based computers are developed, classical methods might not be sufficient to secure communications. In this paper, we analyze the state of the Galileo open service navigation message authentication (OSNMA) to overcome these new threats. This analysis and its assessment have been performed using OSNMA documentation, where we have reviewed the available post-quantum cryptography (PQC) algorithms competing in the National Institute of Standards and Technology standardization process and assessed the possibility of OSNMA implementation in the Galileo service. The main barrier to adopting PQC approaches is the size of both the signature and the key. This analysis shows that OSNMA is not yet capable of facing quantum threats and that significant changes are required. This work concludes by assessing different transitory countermeasures that can be implemented to sustain the system's integrity in the short term.

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Satellite Navigation Signal Authentication in GNSS: A Survey on Technology Evolution, Status, and Perspective for BDS

Cited by 12 publications

References 40 publications

GNSS blanket jamming classification algorithm based on spatial attention mechanism and residual shrinkage neural network

GNSS blanket jamming classification algorithm based on spatial attention mechanism and residual shrinkage neural network

Satellite Navigation Message Authentication in GNSS: Research on Message Scheduler for SBAS L1

Assessment of Cryptographic Approaches for Quantum-Resistant Galileo OSNMA

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