Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity and Its Impact on Simulated Runoff for Claypan Soils

Blanco‐Canqui, Humberto; Gantzer, Clark J.; Anderson, Stephen H.; Alberts, E. E.; Ghidey, F.

doi:10.2136/sssaj2002.1596

Cited by 118 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In the B horizon Ks dropped to 6.8 to 8.2 m/day (22.3 to 26.9 ft/day) (Figure 5a and b). This abrupt vertical change in Ks has been linked to gully erosion, because high Ks coupled with high porosity gives rise to high infiltration rate and flow velocity in the A horizon (Lin et al, 1999;Blanco-Canqui et al, 2002;Igwe & Ejiofor, 2005;Kutίlek et al, 2006), however when percolating water reaches the B horizon, an abruptly lower Ks halts the downward movement of water and builds up an upward pore pressure, favoring www.ccsenet.org/jsd Journal of Sustainable Development Vol. 5, No.…”

Section: Porosity Hydraulic Conductivity Swelling and Erodibility Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Erosion Related Changes to Physicochemical Properties of Ultisols Distributed on Calcareous

Nandi¹,

Luffman²

2012

JSD

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Water induced soil erosion, relating to improper land management, is a serious land degradation problem in Ultisols that results in rill and gully erosion. The extent of land degradation depends largely on the severity of erosion, which modifies the soil's physical and chemical properties. A detailed understanding of eroded soil properties is essential for assessment of future land management and soil-water conservation. The aim of this research is to evaluate the changes in physico-chemical and mineralogical properties of ultisols associated with gully erosion in East Tennessee. The study area is located in the southern Appalachian Valley and Ridge province, where a thick sequence of red colored clay rich soil (soil series is the Collegedale-Etowah complex) is found on dolomite and limestone bedrock. Four one-meter long soil cores and fifty-two bulk samples were collected from sites of active gully erosion (two cores) and from adjacent non-gullied soil (two cores). The physico-chemical properties assessed for each sample included clay mineralogy using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) methods, pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus, particle size distribution (PSD), Atterburg limits, bulk density, moisture content, porosity, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), soil erodibility factor, and swelling potential. According to the USDA, soil texture was classified as silty clay loam and silty clay. Significant differences (p<0.05) existed between eroding and non-eroding soils for the following factors: clay and silt content; porosity Ks, K; Atterberg limits, and swelling potential. Statistically significant correlations were established between clay content and Atterberg limits, bulk density, Ks, and swelling potential. Furthermore, results of X-ray diffraction indicated the presence of quartz, chlorite, illite, kaolinite, kaolinite -smectite expansive clay, hematite and ferrihydrite. Relic crystals of calcite were found in the saprolite horizon. Overall result indicated that selected physico-chemical properties can be used as an indicator of gully erosion in southern Appalachian Ultisols.

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Section: Porosity Hydraulic Conductivity Swelling and Erodibility Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Erosion Related Changes to Physicochemical Properties of Ultisols Distributed on Calcareous

Nandi¹,

Luffman²

2012

JSD

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“…The study was conducted in a 35 ha (88 ac) agricultural field ( figure 1) cm (3 to 20 in) below the surface and having much higher clay content than the overlying material (Blanco-Canqui et al 2002;Lerch et al 2005). In specific instances, the claypan layer may be shallower or deeper due to erosion or deposition, respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Keeping the above hypothesis in mind, the study was done with two main objectives: (1) delineate CMAs that generate disproportionate amounts of runoff, sediment, and atrazine and (2) identify combinations of physically based soil and land parameters that correlate well with simulated runoff, sediment, and atrazine loadings as well as measured crop yields and thus could be the basis for an index to be used for CMA delineation in claypan soils. cm (3 to 20 in) below the surface and having much higher clay content than the overlying material (Blanco-Canqui et al 2002;Lerch et al 2005). In specific instances, the claypan layer may be shallower or deeper due to erosion or deposition, respectively.…”

Section: Abstract: Apex-critical Areas-index-modeling-targetingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using the Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender to develop and validate physically based indices for the delineation of critical management areas

Mudgal¹,

Baffaut²,

Anderson³

et al. 2012

Journal of Soil and Water Conservation

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Abstract:Targeting critical management areas (CMAs) within cropped fields is essential to maximize production while implementing alternative management practices that will minimize impacts on water quality. The objective of this study was to develop physically based indices to identify CMAs in a 35 ha (88 ac) field characterized by a restrictive clay layer occurring within the upper 15 to 100 cm (6 to 40 in) and under a corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean (Glycine max L.) crop rotation since 1991. Thirty-five subareas were defined based on slope, depth to claypan (CD), and soil mapping units. The Agricultural Policy/ Environmental eXtender (APEX) model was calibrated and validated from 1993 to 2002 using measured runoff, sediment, and atrazine loads, and crop yields. CMAs were delineated based on simulated subarea runoff, sediment, and atrazine loads. Correlation analysis was performed between simulated output by subarea and physical parameters, including CD, surface saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), and subarea slope (SL). Two indices were developed, the Conductivity Claypan Index (CCI; CD ×Ksat ÷SL) and the Claypan Index (CPI; CD ÷ SL), to correlate with simulated crop yields, runoff, atrazine, and sediment loads. Together, these indices captured 100% of CMAs for simulated runoff and sediment yield and 60% of CMAs for simulated atrazine in surface runoff, as predicted by APEX. These critical areas also matched lower corn productivity areas. Management scenarios were simulated that differentiated the management of the CMAs from the rest of the field. Indices, such as these, for identifying areas of higher environmental risk and lower productivity could provide objective criteria for effective targeting of best management practices. Key words: APEX-critical areas-index-modeling-targetingThere have been many efforts and improvements to minimize the impact of nonpoint source (NPS) pollutants on various water bodies, including implementation of different management practices. While working at small scales (e.g., plots or fields), these practices demonstrate positive results in relation to the reduction of NPS pollution. However, at larger scales (e.g., watersheds), many studies have shown very little water quality improvement following implementation of best management practices (BMPs) (Park et al. 1994;Inamdar et al. 2002;Simpson and Weammert 2008;Meals et al. 2010). Many factors could diminish the impact of BMPs at the watershed outlet, including not targeting critical areas, hydrologic lag time (i.e., the time between implementation of BMPs and detectable changes in water quality), insufficient number of BMPs, insufficient area protected by these BMPs, maintenance of BMPs, type of BMPs, and similar factors (Meals et al. 2010).Critical management areas (CMAs) can be defined as areas that require special attention because of high potential for surface runoff and NPS pollutants, possibly also leading to lower crop yields. Delineation of CMAs would minimize one factor of uncertainty for better placement of BMPs. Once ...

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“…The soil block methodology employed by Blanco et al [24] to assess the soil K s,l was modified in order to obtain accurate conductivity values of individual layers in a vertical soil profile, as well as to simplify field procedures. The self-built Mariotte bottle and the syphon system allowed easy and accurate setting of the sequence of descending water levels within the inflow and outflow pits, respectively.…”

Section: Benefits Of the Proposed Field Soil K Sl Assessment Toolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lateral Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Soil Horizons Evaluated in Large-Volume Soil Monoliths

Pirastru

Marrosu

Prima

et al. 2017

Water

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Abstract:Evaluating the lateral saturated hydraulic conductivity, K s,l , of soil horizons is crucial for understanding and modelling the subsurface flow dynamics in many shallow hill soils. A K s,l measurement method should be able to catch the effects of soil heterogeneities governing hydrological processes at the scale of interest, in order to yield K s,l representative values over large spatial scales. This study aims to develop a field technique to determine spatially representative K s,l values of soil horizons of an experimental hillslope. Drainage experiments were performed on soil monoliths of about 0.12 m 3 volume, encased in situ with polyurethane foam. Median K s,l of 2450 mm·h −1 and 552 mm·h −1 were estimated in the A and B horizon, respectively. In the upper part of the B horizon, the median K s,l was 490 mm·h −1 , whereas it mostly halved near the underlying restricting layer. The decline of K s,l values with depth was consistent with the water-table dynamics observed at the same site in previous studies. Moreover, the K s,l from the monoliths were in line with large spatial-scale K s,l values reported from the hillslope in a prior investigation based on drain data analysis. This indicated that the large-scale hydrological effects of the macropore network were well represented in the investigated soil blocks. Our findings suggest that performing drainage experiments on large-volume monoliths is a promising method for characterizing lateral conductivities over large spatial scales. This information could improve our understanding of hydrological processes and can be used to parameterize runoff-generation models at hillslope and catchment scale.

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Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity and Its Impact on Simulated Runoff for Claypan Soils

Cited by 118 publications

References 21 publications

Erosion Related Changes to Physicochemical Properties of Ultisols Distributed on Calcareous

Erosion Related Changes to Physicochemical Properties of Ultisols Distributed on Calcareous

Using the Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender to develop and validate physically based indices for the delineation of critical management areas

Lateral Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Soil Horizons Evaluated in Large-Volume Soil Monoliths

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