Saturation of energy levels in analytical atomic fluorescence spectrometry—II. Experimental

Toward a Fuller Understanding of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry

“…2,30,31 The same optical arrangement is employed for these experiments as for those involving Thomson scattering.…”

Photomultiplier gating for improved detection in laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry

“…Excimer laser emission was transmitted to the trigger PMT by means of a bundle of fused silica optical fibers (Ensign-Bickford Co., Simsbury, CT). A well-shielded, 18 m, coaxial cable was used to delay the arrival of the fluorescence pulse from the detection PMT to the boxcar signal input in order to compensate for triggering delays inherent to the boxcar (16). This resulted in an approximately 75-ns signal delay (see Figure 2f and later discussion).…”

“…The triggering arrangement of Olivares and Hieftje (18) used a fast photodiode to detect dye laser emission. The detection of laser emission is probably the most reliable source of a reference signal for boxcar triggering.…”

Plasma Diagnostics through Kinetic Modelling: Characterization of Matrix Effects during ICP and Flame Atomic Spectrometry in terms of Collisional Radiative Recombination Activation Energy?A Review

“…Computed emission tomography enables the display of the full three-dimensional structure of the plasma torch [18,19]. Laser-induced saturated fluorescence yields time-resolved spatial maps of ground state analyte atoms and ions, as well as argon excited states [29,30]. Passive spectroscopic methods simply observe the radiation emitted by the plasma [18,19,31], and have been used to study (a) vertical and radial profiles of interference effects, (b) the effects of varying the interferents, (c) effect of varying rf power, (d) nebulizer effects, and (e) shifts in ionization equilibria [2,[32][33][34][35][36].…”

“…Key parameters in this approach to plasma diagnostics are the electron number density (n e ), electron temperature (T e ), the gas kinetic temperature (T g ) and the argon atom number density (n Ar ). The methods employed involve a combination of Thomson scattering [20][21][22][23][24][25], Rayleigh scattering, computed emission topography [26][27][28] and laser-induced saturated fluorescence [29,30]. Thomson scattering enables measurement of T e and n e .…”