Scaffolds in regenerative endodontics: A review

Abstract

Root canal therapy has enabled us to save numerous teeth over the years. The most desired outcome of endodontic treatment would be when diseased or nonvital pulp is replaced with healthy pulp tissue that would revitalize the teeth through regenerative endodontics. ‘A search was conducted using the Pubmed and MEDLINE databases for articles with the criteria ‘Platelet rich plasma’, ‘Platelet rich fibrin’, ‘Stem cells’, ‘Natural and artificial scaffolds’ from 1982–2015’. Tissues are organized as three-dimensional structures, and appropriate scaffolding is necessary to provide a spatially correct position of cell location and regulate differentiation, proliferation, or metabolism of the stem cells. Extracellular matrix molecules control the differentiation of stem cells, and an appropriate scaffold might selectively bind and localize cells, contain growth factors, and undergo biodegradation over time. Different scaffolds facilitate the regeneration of different tissues. To ensure a successful regenerative procedure, it is essential to have a thorough and precise knowledge about the suitable scaffold for the required tissue. This article gives a review on the different scaffolds providing an insight into the new developmental approaches on the horizon.

Evaluation of the Osteogenic Potential of Different Scaffolds Embedded with Human Stem Cells Originated from Schneiderian Membrane: An In Vitro Study

“…Interestingly, several in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that hMSSM-derived cells are capable of differentiating into cells of osteogenic lineage, thus holding a great clinical promise for better implant-based therapies [24, 25, 36, 37]. Aware that collagen, gelatin, and hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate/Fibrin (HA/ β TCP/Fibrin) scaffolds are characterized by many advantageous features including nonimmunogenicity, biocompatibility, and bioactivity and commonly applied in dental and craniofacial regeneration [38–41], we evaluated in this in vitro study the ability of these scaffolds to induce osteogenic differentiation of hMMS-derived cells. This in vitro study could, therefore, simulate the first step of bone regeneration following sinus lift.…”

Different Approaches to the Regeneration of Dental Tissues in Regenerative Endodontics

“…However, the scaffold degradation must be equal to a formation rate of new tissue [42,43]. There are various types of scaffolds known, based on their origin; natural scaffolds (e.g., collagen, hyaluronic acid, PRF, PRP, blood clot, chitosan) and artificial scaffolds (e.g., polymers of polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, polyepsiloncaprolactone, glass-ceramic, and bioactive glasses) [18,42,44] differ in attributes and properties. Scaffold technology has shown promising advancements in regenerative dentistry, scientifically demonstrated in immunodeficient mice.…”

The Application of Chitosan Nanostructures in Stomatology

“…Therefore, CS is an ideal choice for bone tissue engineering scaffolds, in terms of the initiation of cell recognition, the promotion of cellular adhesion and the formation of M2 phenotype macrophages [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 36 , 42 , 43 , 44 ]. However, there are some drawbacks to the use of CS as bone regeneration scaffolds [ 34 , 43 , 45 , 46 ].…”