Scalable and Sustainable Approach toward Highly Compressible, Anisotropic, Lamellar Carbon Sponge

Chen, Chaoji; Song, Jianwei; Zhu, Songming; Li, Yiju; Kuang, Yudi; Wan, Jiayu; Kirsch, Dylan; Xu, Lu; Wang, Yanbin; Gao, Tingting; Wang, Yilin; Huang, Hao; Gan, Wentao; Gong, Amy; Li, Teng; Xie, Jia; Hu, Liangbing

doi:10.1016/j.chempr.2017.12.028

Cited by 280 publications

(231 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…A large number of tubular channels (10–70 µm in diameter) inside the wood structure provide porous structure with sufficient oxygen that harms its fire‐retardant behavior (Figure b; Figure S2, Supporting Information). To remove such features, we fabricated the densified wood by first partially delignifying the material using NaOH/Na 2 SO 3 . After chemical treatment, the 3D porous wood structure remains, though the morphology changes from elliptic wood cells to crumpled ones (Figure S3a,b, Supporting Information).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dense, Self‐Formed Char Layer Enables a Fire‐Retardant Wood Structural Material

Gan

Chen

Wang

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

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157

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Wood is one of the most abundant, sustainable, and aesthetically pleasing structural materials and is commonly used in building and furniture construction. Unfortunately, the fire hazard of wood is a major safety concern for its practical applications. Herein, an effective and environmentally friendly method is demonstrated to substantially improve the fire-retardant properties of wood materials by delignification and densification. The densification process eliminates the spaces between the cell walls, leading to a highly compact laminated structure that can block oxygen from infiltrating the material. In addition, an insulating wood char layer self-formed during the burning process obstructs the transport of heat and oxygen diffusion. These synergistic effects contribute to the material's excellent fire-retardant and self-extinguished properties, including a 2.08-fold enhancement in ignition time (t ig ) and 34.6% decrease in maximum heat release rate. Meanwhile, the densified wood shows a more than 82-fold enhancement in compressive strength compared with natural wood after exposure to flame for 90 s, which could effectively prevent the collapse and destruction of wooden structures, and gain precious rescue time when a fire occurs. The facile top-down chemical delignification and densification process enabling both substantially enhances fire-retardant performance and mechanical robustness represents a promising direction toward fire-retardant and high-strength structural materials.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dense, Self‐Formed Char Layer Enables a Fire‐Retardant Wood Structural Material

Gan

Chen

Wang

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

Self Cite

157

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“…To further evaluate the practicality of the as‐prepared N‐GQD@cZIF‐8/CNT all‐solid‐state supercapacitors in the actual situation, the flexibility test was carried out . Figure a illustrates the flexibility of the device based on N‐GQD@cZIF‐8/CNT through bend, fold, and twist tests.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hierarchical 3D All‐Carbon Composite Structure Modified with N‐Doped Graphene Quantum Dots for High‐Performance Flexible Supercapacitors

Liu

Wang

et al. 2018

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Flexible supercapacitors have shown enormous potential for portable electronic devices. Herein, hierarchical 3D all-carbon electrode materials are prepared by assembling N-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) on carbonized MOF materials (cZIF-8) interweaved with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors. In this ternary electrode, cZIF-8 provides a large accessible surface area, CNTs act as the electrical conductive network, and N-GQDs serve as highly pseudocapactive materials. Due to the synergistic effect and hierarchical assembly of these components, N-GQD@cZIF-8/CNT electrodes exhibit a high specific capacitance of 540 F g at 0.5 A g in a 1 m H SO electrolyte and excellent cycle stability with 90.9% capacity retention over 8000 cycles. The assembled supercapacitor possesses an energy density of 18.75 Wh kg with a power density of 108.7 W kg . Meanwhile, three supercapacitors connected in series can power light-emitting diodes for 20 min. All-solid-state N-GQD@cZIF-8/CNT flexible supercapacitor exhibits an energy density of 14 Wh kg with a power density of 89.3 W kg , while the capacitance retention after 5000 cycles reaches 82%. This work provides an effective way to construct novel electrode materials with high energy storage density as well as good cycling performance and power density for high-performance energy storage devices via the rational design.

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“…Therefore, fabricating compressible and elastic conductive carbon aerogel from original wood tracheids is challenging. To solve this problem, Hu et al22 put forward a “top‐down” strategy to directly convert natural wood into a compressible and elastic carbon sponge by removing lignin and hemicelluloses (to partially destroy the compact structure of tracheids) and subsequent carbonization. However, the structure and mechanical performances of the wood carbon sponge obtained from the “top‐down” method highly depends on the wood species and structure, which limits the application of this method.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the structure and mechanical performances of the wood carbon sponge obtained from the “top‐down” method highly depends on the wood species and structure, which limits the application of this method. For example, elastic carbon sponge could be obtained from low‐density balsa wood (one of the lightest woods) with thin cell wall, but basswood‐derived carbon is fragile and incompressible 22. On the other hand, “bottom‐up” strategy is another powerful route for fabricating functional materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wood‐Derived Lightweight and Elastic Carbon Aerogel for Pressure Sensing and Energy Storage

Chen

Zhuo

et al. 2020

Adv Funct Materials

233

142

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Lightweight and elastic carbon materials have attracted great interest in pressure sensing and energy storage for wearable devices and electronic skins. Wood is the most abundant renewable resource and offers green and sustainable raw materials for fabricating lightweight carbon materials. Herein, a facile and sustainable strategy is proposed to fabricate a wood-derived elastic carbon aerogel with tracheid-like texture from cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and lignin. The flexible CNFs entangle and assemble into an interconnected framework, while lignin with high thermal stability and favorable stiffness prevents the framework from severe structural shrinkage during annealing. This strategy leads to an ordered tracheid-like structure and significantly reduces the thermal deformation of the CNFs network, producing a lightweight and elastic carbon aerogel. The wood-derived carbon aerogel exhibits excellent mechanical performance, including high compressibility (up to 95% strain) and fatigue resistance. It also reveals high sensitivity at a wide working pressure range of 0-16.89 kPa and can detect human biosignals accurately. Moreover, the carbon aerogel can be assembled into a flexible and free-standing all-solid-state symmetric supercapacitor that reveals satisfactory electrochemical performance and mechanical flexibility. These features make the wood-derived carbon aerogel highly attractive for pressure sensor and flexible electrode applications.The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201910292. important applications in wearable sensors, electronic skins, and flexible energy storage devices. Although carbon aerogels with good mechanical performances can be achieved from nanocarbon unites, their carbon precursors are nonrenewable, and the synthesis process of CNT, graphene, or their aerogels is high-cost and complicated.Considering the natural abundance, renewability, environmental friendliness, and low cost, biomass has been regarded as a renewable and sustainable carbon precursor for fabricating carbon aerogels. Up to now, several biomass-derived carbon aerogels have been successfully developed from gelatin, [16] winter melon, [17] protein, [18] bacterial cellulose, [19] and raw cotton. [20] However, those carbon aerogels show poor compressibility, elasticity, and fatigue resistance owing to the intrinsic random porous architecture and severe volume shrinkage at annealing or carbonization. Wood, as one of the most abundant biomass resources, demonstrates hierarchical tracheid structure that is composed of CNFs and amorphous matrix (lignin and hemicelluloses). [21] Owing to the compact structure (large amounts of additives and various interaction among tracheids or CNFs), natural wood is rigid and the tracheids are hard to be compressed and easily collapsed. Therefore, fabricating compressible and elastic conductive carbon aerogel from original wood tracheids is challenging. To solve this problem, Hu et al. [22] put forward a "top-down" stra...

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Scalable and Sustainable Approach toward Highly Compressible, Anisotropic, Lamellar Carbon Sponge

Cited by 280 publications

References 52 publications

Dense, Self‐Formed Char Layer Enables a Fire‐Retardant Wood Structural Material

Dense, Self‐Formed Char Layer Enables a Fire‐Retardant Wood Structural Material

Hierarchical 3D All‐Carbon Composite Structure Modified with N‐Doped Graphene Quantum Dots for High‐Performance Flexible Supercapacitors

Wood‐Derived Lightweight and Elastic Carbon Aerogel for Pressure Sensing and Energy Storage

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