Scale‐up of Enzyme‐Assisted Aqueous Extraction Processing of Soybeans

Abstract

The effects of scaling-up enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction process (EAEP) using 2 kg of flaked and extruded soybeans as well as the effects of different extrusion and extraction conditions were evaluated. Standard single-stage EAEP at 1:10 solids-to-liquid ratio (SLR) was used to evaluate the effects of different extruder screw speeds and whether or not collets were extruded directly into water. Increasing extruder screw speed from 40 to 90 rpm improved oil extraction yield from 85 to 95%. Oil, protein, and solids extraction yields of 97, 86, and 78% were obtained when extruding directly into water and 95, 84, and 77% when not extruding into water. When not extruding into water, standard single-stage EAEP (1:10 SLR) yielded 95, 84, and 77% of total oil, protein, and solids extraction, respectively, and two-stage countercurrent EAEP (1:6 SLR) yielded 99, 94, and 83% total oil, protein, and solids extraction, respectively. These yields were similar to those previously obtained in the laboratory (0.08 kg soybeans), but higher oil contents were observed in the skim fractions produced at pilot-plant scale for both processes. Modifying processing parameters improved the oil distribution among the fractions, increasing oil yield in the cream fraction (from 76 to 86%) and reducing oil yield in the skim fraction (from 23 to 12%). Steady-state oil extraction was achieved after two 2-stage extractions. Twostage countercurrent EAEP is particularly attractive due to reduced water usage compared to conventional single-stage extraction.

Effect of co-products of enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of soybeans on ethanol production in dry-grind corn fermentation

“…These restrictions affect profit margins and/or increase soybean oil and meal costs (Anonymous, 2002). Enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction processing (EAEP) has recently received interest as an environmentally-friendly alternative to conventional oil-extraction technologies (Lamsal and Johnson, 2007;Campbell and Glatz, 2009;de Moura et al, 2009;Jung et al, 2009;Li et al, 2013). EAEP can achieve $97% oil recovery from soybeans, by using enzymes to free the oil from solid matrix.…”

“…EAEP can achieve $97% oil recovery from soybeans, by using enzymes to free the oil from solid matrix. In addition, the process simultaneously extracts both proteins and oils using water as an extracting medium, and removes oil as an emulsion compared to hexane (de Moura et al, 2009;Campbell et al, 2011).…”

Novel Eco-Friendly Techniques for Extraction of Food Based Lipophilic Compounds from Biological Materials

“…[45] extracted total phenolic contents from five citrus peels (Yen Ben lemon, Meyer lemon, grapefruit, mandarin and orange) by EAAE using different enzymes and the recovery was highest with celluzyme MX enzyme. Considerable improvements have been recently achieved in enzyme assisted aqueous extraction, processing of extruded soybean flakes [46,47] and soybean flour [48] but still not satisfactory achievement was getting. While the most advanced EACP for extracting extruded soybean flakes with the aid of a protease enzyme in a countercurrent two-stage strategy resulted in higher oil extraction yield of 99% as an extrusion process broken the cell wall which enhances the reaction rate of protease, an unstable emulsion obtained during the process was easily demulsified by adjusting the pH of the emulsion to the isoelectric point of the soy proteins (4.5) [19,47,49].…”

“…Considerable improvements have been recently achieved in enzyme assisted aqueous extraction, processing of extruded soybean flakes [46,47] and soybean flour [48] but still not satisfactory achievement was getting. While the most advanced EACP for extracting extruded soybean flakes with the aid of a protease enzyme in a countercurrent two-stage strategy resulted in higher oil extraction yield of 99% as an extrusion process broken the cell wall which enhances the reaction rate of protease, an unstable emulsion obtained during the process was easily demulsified by adjusting the pH of the emulsion to the isoelectric point of the soy proteins (4.5) [19,47,49]. During EAE it produced a soluble protein fraction (skim) containing around 20% of the total oil and other lipophilic compounds that were very difficult to isolate due to the extensive hydrolysis used to free oil [50].…”

Pilot Scale Study of Vegetable Oil Extraction by Surfactant-Assisted Aqueous Extraction Process

“…Because of the immiscibility of water and vegetable oil, AEP have consistently been report to produce vegetable oil superior in quality (lower phosphatide levels and peroxide values) to that produced by hexane-based processes (9,10). In general, when employing AEP, the extracted oil and protein in the liquid phase distribute among three portions which are the free oil, cream (oil in water emulsions), and skim (protein and sugar-rich aqueous phase) (11). Limiting the utility of AEP is the fact that vegetable oil recovery is typically low (33-68%) (12).…”