Scale-up of micro- and milli-reactors: An overview of strategies, design principles and applications

Electrocatalytic C(sp3)–H/C(sp)–H cross-coupling in continuous flow through TEMPO/copper relay catalysis

“…The continuous-flow electrosynthesis is easily scaled up by passing more material through the reactor [ 43 , 49 ]. Hence, repeating the reaction under flow conditions, with a solution containing 0.98 g of tetrahydroisoquinoline 1a and 1.11 g of alkyne 22 afforded 1.05 g (61%) of product 14 in 13 h ( Scheme 3 ).…”

Flash chemistry enables high productivity metalation-substitution of 5-alkyltetrazoles

“…For researchers wishing to scale-up this work, we point to numbering-up as a convenient strategy for continuous flow chemistry in which simply using a larger reactor is unattractive. 99,100 Given the requirement of flash chemistry to take place with short residence times and perfect plug flow, as well as the engineering challenges posed by flash protocols, we propose that thermal imaging has significant advantages over directly measuring reaction temperatures in cases where active thermal control is not being used. Our optimised continuous flow conditions facilitated the synthesis of a functionalised alkyltetrazole with a high productivity rate of 141 g/h -this has been achieved using an entry-level (Vapourtec E-series) flow system.…”

Homogeneous catalytic C(sp3)–H functionalization of gaseous alkanes

“…Additionally, the authors proved the scalability of the methodology by using a continuous-flow reactor. 47 For ethane, an excellent yield of 90% was obtained after 6 minutes of residence time and a high productivity of 2.0 mmol/h was accomplished at 15 bar pressure and ambient temperature. The same transformation using methane as the alkylating agent led to a maximum of 15% yield due to the low pressure limit of the reactor employed, which hampered adequate solubilization of the gas.…”