Scale Validation--V. T. S. Subjects.

Abstract

No man can change the common lot to rare. -Thomas Hardy Analysis of total scores. For the normal subjects life age was employed as the criterion of development without reference to other variables on the assumption that social maturation is a consequence of the complex of influences related to age in varying degrees. Level of intelligence, apparently the most important single variable, may be considered such an influence. With mentally deficient subjects the disparity of development in relation to normative life age expectation becomes a criterion of their condition, and the degree of developmental retardation becomes a measure of the grade of mental deficiency.Many studies have supported the hypothesis that mental deficiency represents a constitutional tendency toward infantility, or a generalized hypoplasia, especially of the central nervous system, with social and mental incompetence as the major behavioral manifestations. The correlation of developmental characteristics varies unequally for different aspects of development, with more dependence upon age for some traits and less for others. Among these, intellectual development as measured by the Binet-Simon scale or its equivalents has heretofore afforded the most practicable single index of mental deficiency and its degrees, as well as many of its constitutional preconditions and expressive manifestations (Doll, 1946a).The dependence of social maturation upon intellectual maturation is implicit in the measurement of social competence. And since both are dependent upon life age we now examine these relationships. For this purpose we have employed the total population of mentally deficient subjects in residence atThe Training School at Vineland, N. J.

Mechanisms of rapid opioid receptor desensitization, resensitization and tolerance in brain neurons

“…metenkephalin, DAMGO) and other methods that provide reliable data in the second to minute range (Connor et al, 2004), after which the process reaches steady state in less than 10 min. The time course of MOR desensitization is also similar to that reported for barr-2 association (Oakley et al, 2000;McPherson et al, 2010;Molinari et al, 2010) and phosphorylation of residues in the C-terminal region of MOR (T370 and S375; Doll et al, 2011), all of which saturated within 2-3 min when stimulated by efficacious peptide agonists. Endocytosis induced by the same agonists is somewhat slower, with time constants generally in the order of Ն5 min and reaching steady state in less than 30 min (Law et al, 2000;Borgland et al, 2003;Tanowitz and von Zastrow, 2003;Arttamangkul et al, 2006;2008;Johnson et al, 2006a;Tanowitz et al, 2008).…”

“…Following endocytosis, MOR is sorted for recycling back to the surface membrane . Like the b2-adrenoceptor, barr-2-dependent endocytosis and recycling are thought to be essential for MOR resensitization (Law et al, 2000;Koch et al, 2005), although more recent evidence strongly challenges this assumption (Arttamangkul et al, 2006;Dang et al, 2011;Doll et al, 2011).…”

Heterologous regulation of agonist‐independent μ‐opioid receptor phosphorylation by protein kinase C

“…In many systems, GRK-mediated phosphorylation facilitates receptor desensitization. However, morphine induces only weak phosphorylation of GRK sites on MOR (Zhang et al, 1998;Schulz et al, 2004;McPherson et al, 2010;Doll et al, 2011). This suggests that MOR desensitization by morphine may be mediated by another mechanism.…”

“…The rabbit polyclonal phospho site-specific antibodies anti-pS363 {3199}, anti-pT370 {3196}, anti-pS375 {2493}, anti-pT376 {3723}, anti-pT379 {3686} and anti-haemagglutinin (HA) {0631} antibodies have been generated and extensively characterized previously (Pfeiffer et al, 2002;Plockinger et al, 2008;Doll et al, 2011;Just et al, 2013). The phosphorylation-independent rabbit monoclonal anti-MOR antibody {UMB-3} was obtained from Epitomics (Burlingame, CA, USA) (Lupp et al, 2011).…”

“…In fact, comparison of a variety of opioid agonists reveals an excellent correlation between phosphorylation and internalization. Analysis of point mutations of these residues indicates that multiple phosphorylations within this sequence are required for the β-arrestinmobilizing and endocytosis-promoting activity of opioid drugs (Schulz et al, 2004;Doll et al, 2011;2012;Lau et al, 2011;Just et al, 2013).…”