Thank God for the wisdom bestowed upon me, the strength and the talents. I'm thankful for many gifts God has given me like the great teacher who inspires me. I do not know how to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. Alfred Stein. His support throughout my research was like a heart that pumped lots of professional guidance, encouragements, and enthusiasms. With superior insight and vast experience, he suggested solutions to handle the problems that I faced. My profound appreciation is extended to Prof. Zhongbo (Bob) Su. He gave me the insights that sparked my imagination helping me to be innovative. His vision has deeply inspired me to develop ideas. Completion of this research became possible with standing upon the shoulder of a giant: Dr. Ali Sharifi. He helped me to see further with his advice about both scientific research and life in general. Words are not enough to express my appreciation for many insightful conversations that we had. Undertaking this Ph.D. gave me the pleasure to know amazing people. I am grateful to Gabriel Parodi and Prof. John van Genderen for their valuable friendship. I want to extend my sincere thanks to Prof. Marinus G. Bos, Dr. Benedikt Gräler, Dr. Chris Mannaerts and Dr. Yijian Zeng for their suggestions and comments through developing my Ph.D. proposal and methodology. I am gratefully indebted to Tonny Boeve, Jeroen Jansen and Dr. Ad van Dommelen for their help and supports throughout my Ph.D. journey. One of the beautiful gifts that I am extremely grateful for having is my family. I extend my heartfelt gratitude to them for their love and empathy. Especially, my mother who is one of the strongest women I know and my identical twin sister who is an excellent researcher in remote sensing and photogrammetry. My success in achieving a Ph.D. is due to what they have done for me. Another valuable gift that I have received is an intimate friendship with lovely and cheerful persons in Enschede, Mississauga, Tehran, and Lincoln. All of the memorable times that we shared helped me emotionally through the rough road to finish this thesis. Thank You, my dear friends. My cordial gratitude go to my paranymphs, officemates, and colleagues for offering me a helping hand in this endeavor. My sincere thanks also go to the staff of the University of Twente and the faculty of ITC who provided me a friendly smile, a kind look, a gentle word and a hello every time we met. Many thanks to all the people who have supported me to complete the research directly or indirectly. I acknowledge the kind cooperation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, the SAJ Consulting firm in Iran for weather data, Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center of the U.S. Geological Survey for MODIS and Landsat 8 images, the Central Bureau for Statistics, European statistics database, the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute for weather data, and Cressie Communication Services for improving the English wording of chapters one, three and eight. 1 multivariate copula quantile mapping 2 weather ex...