Scaling and reproducibility of craters produced at the Experimental Projectile Impact Chamber (<scp>EPIC</scp>), Centro de Astrobiología, Spain

Ormö, Jens; Melero-Asensio, I.; Housen, K. R.; Wünnemann, K.; Elbeshausen, D.; Collins, G. S.

doi:10.1111/maps.12560

Cited by 14 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(103 reference statements)

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“…Experimentally derived crater relationships are based on final crater diameters. But because of the small degree (i.e., ~10% differences between the transient and final crater diameters, both measured from the preimpact surface) of final crater collapse in experiments [e.g., Ormö et al ., ; Wünnemann et al ., ], these crater relationships are comparable with our numerical results derived from transient crater diameters. When available, the friction coefficient and porosity values were taken from references specified in Table .…”

Section: Numerical Experimentssupporting

confidence: 89%

The effect of target properties on transient crater scaling for simple craters

et al. 2017

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The effects of the coefficient of friction and porosity on impact cratering are not sufficiently considered in scaling laws that predict the crater size from a known impactor size, velocity, and mass. We carried out a systematic numerical study employing more than 1000 two‐dimensional models of simple crater formation under lunar conditions in targets with varying properties. A simple numerical setup is used where targets are approximated as granular or brecciated materials, and any compression of porous materials results in permanent compaction. The results are found to be consistent with impact laboratory experiments for water, low‐strength and low‐porosity materials (e.g., wet sand), and sands. Using this assumption, we found that both the friction coefficient and porosity are important for estimating transient crater diameters as is the strength term in crater scaling laws, i.e., the effective strength. The effects of porosity and friction coefficient on impact cratering were parameterized and incorporated into π group scaling laws, and predict transient crater diameters within an accuracy of ±5% for targets with friction coefficients f ≥ 0.4 and porosities Φ = 0–30%. Moreover, 90 crater scaling relationships are made available and can be used to estimate transient crater diameters on various terrains and geological units with different coefficient of friction, porosity, and cohesion. The derived relationships are most robust for targets with Φ > 10–15%, applicable for a lunar environment, and could therefore yield significant insights into the influence of target properties on cratering statistics.

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Section: Numerical Experimentssupporting

confidence: 89%

The effect of target properties on transient crater scaling for simple craters

et al. 2017

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“…; Ormö et al. ) and varied the parameters slightly until we achieved a satisfactory match with the observed crater dimensions in the laboratory experiments of Series II. The same parameters were then also used for the models of Series I.…”

Section: Methods Of Numerical Modelingmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…Ormö et al. () found a compatible ratio of 1.1 in similar cratering experiments in sand. Note, for natural simple craters on earth, Melosh (; page 129, Eq.…”

Section: Experimental Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 79%

Impacts into quartz sand: Crater formation, shock metamorphism, and ejecta distribution in laboratory experiments and numerical models

Wünnemann

Zhu

Stöffler

2016

Meteorit & Planetary Scien

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We investigated the ejection mechanics by a complementary approach of cratering experiments, including the microscopic analysis of material sampled from these experiments, and 2‐D numerical modeling of vertical impacts. The study is based on cratering experiments in quartz sand targets performed at the NASA Ames Vertical Gun Range. In these experiments, the preimpact location in the target and the final position of ejecta was determined by using color‐coded sand and a catcher system for the ejecta. The results were compared with numerical simulations of the cratering and ejection process to validate the iSALE shock physics code. In turn the models provide further details on the ejection velocities and angles. We quantify the general assumption that ejecta thickness decreases with distance according to a power‐law and that the relative proportion of shocked material in the ejecta increase with distance. We distinguish three types of shock metamorphic particles (1) melt particles, (2) shock lithified aggregates, and (3) shock‐comminuted grains. The agreement between experiment and model was excellent, which provides confidence that the models can predict ejection angles, velocities, and the degree of shock loading of material expelled from a crater accurately if impact parameters such as impact velocity, impactor size, and gravity are varied beyond the experimental limitations. This study is relevant for a quantitative assessment of impact gardening on planetary surfaces and the evolution of regolith layers on atmosphereless bodies.

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“…At the laboratory scale, the difference between final (post‐collapse) and transient (pre‐collapse) crater radius (at the preimpact level) is typically <10% (e.g., Ormö et al. ; Wünnemann et al. ).…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of target properties and impact velocity on ejection dynamics and ejecta deposition

Luther

Zhu

Collins

et al. 2018

Meteorit & Planetary Scien

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Impact craters are formed by the displacement and ejection of target material. Ejection angles and speeds during the excavation process depend on specific target properties. In order to quantify the influence of the constitutive properties of the target and impact velocity on ejection trajectories, we present the results of a systematic numerical parameter study. We have carried out a suite of numerical simulations of impact scenarios with different coefficients of friction (0.0–1.0), porosities (0–42%), and cohesions (0–150 MPa). Furthermore, simulations with varying pairs of impact velocity (1–20 km s−1) and projectile mass yielding craters of approximately equal volume are examined. We record ejection speed, ejection angle, and the mass of ejected material to determine parameters in scaling relationships, and to calculate the thickness of deposited ejecta by assuming analytical parabolic trajectories under Earth gravity. For the resulting deposits, we parameterize the thickness as a function of radial distance by a power law. We find that strength—that is, the coefficient of friction and target cohesion—has the strongest effect on the distribution of ejecta. In contrast, ejecta thickness as a function of distance is very similar for different target porosities and for varying impact velocities larger than ~6 km s−1. We compare the derived ejecta deposits with observations from natural craters and experiments.

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Scaling and reproducibility of craters produced at the Experimental Projectile Impact Chamber (EPIC), Centro de Astrobiología, Spain

Cited by 14 publications

References 46 publications

The effect of target properties on transient crater scaling for simple craters

The effect of target properties on transient crater scaling for simple craters

Impacts into quartz sand: Crater formation, shock metamorphism, and ejecta distribution in laboratory experiments and numerical models

Effect of target properties and impact velocity on ejection dynamics and ejecta deposition

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