Scaling laws and vector effects in bandgap-guiding fibres

Birks, T.A.; Bird, David M.; Hedley, T.D.; Pottage, J.M.; Russell, P. St. J.

doi:10.1364/opex.12.000069

Cited by 90 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The final result is that, differently from the multiple PBGs observed in all-solid band gap fibres [29], HC-PBGFs typically only support a single PBG, and hence they only guide over a range of frequencies that is normally contained in the interval 1 ≤ v ≤ 2. This is the scaling law for a HC-PBGF [19], and it indicates that in order to shift the operational wavelength range, it is sufficient to scale the resonator size so that r/λ remains constant. In practice this result can be more easily achieved through a simple rigid scaling of the entire microstructure.…”

Section: Photonic Bandgap Formation and Out Of Plane Guidancementioning

confidence: 98%

“…Back in the early 1990s though, Russell had the insight that should the periodic dielectric arrangement be infinitely elongated in the third dimension, for light propagating out-of-plane, it should be possible to achieve any desired k p1 /k p2 ratio -and therefore to open up a PBG for any choice of dielectric pairs [17]. The trick here lies in choosing the direction of propagation at a sufficiently small angle with respect to the normal to the plane of periodicity [18,19]. This initial conceptual breakthrough, followed by a few years of intense technological effort to develop the required fibre fabrication technology, led to the first demonstration of a HC-PBGF made of a "holey" glass structure, which guided light in air (albeit with relatively high losses in the first instance) despite the comparatively modest refractive index difference of only 0.44 between the chosen glass (silica) and air [3].…”

Section: Photonic Bandgap Formation and Out Of Plane Guidancementioning

confidence: 99%

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Hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers: technology and applications

2013

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Since the early conceptual and practical demonstrations in the late 1990s, Hollow-Core Photonic Band Gap Fibres (HC-PBGFs) have attracted huge interest by virtue of their promise to deliver a unique range of optical properties that are simply not possible in conventional fibre types. HC-PBGFs have the potential to overcome some of the fundamental limitations of solid fibres promising, for example, reduced transmission loss, lower nonlinearity, higher damage thresholds and lower latency, amongst others. They also provide a unique medium for a range of light: matter interactions of various forms, particularly for gaseous media. In this paper we review the current status of the field, including the latest developments in the understanding of the basic guidance mechanisms in these fibres and the unique properties they can exhibit. We also review the latest advances in terms of fibre fabrication and characterisation, before describing some of the most important applications of the technology, focusing in particular on their use in gas-based fibre optics and in optical communications.

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Section: Photonic Bandgap Formation and Out Of Plane Guidancementioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Photonic Bandgap Formation and Out Of Plane Guidancementioning

confidence: 99%

Hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers: technology and applications

2013

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“…In fact, when the contrast between the maximum and minimum values of n is small, it is physically justified to ignore this term (cf. [3]). …”

Section: Analysis Of a Model Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Planewave expansion methods for photonic crystal fibres

Norton

Scheichl

2013

Applied Numerical Mathematics

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Photonic crystal fibres are novel optical devices that can be designed to guide light of a particular frequency. This requires two phenomena to occur. First, the frequency of light must be in a gap of the spectrum of the fibre's cladding (usually a periodic arrangement of air holes), so that the cladding acts as a barrier to that frequency of light. Second, the perturbation or defect in the middle of the fibre must allow a localised or trapped mode to exist in a spectral gap of the cladding so that light may propagate inside the defect. In this paper the performance of planewave expansion methods for computing such spectral gaps and trapped eigenmodes in photonic crystal fibres is carefully analysed. The occurrence of discontinuous coefficients in the governing equation means that exponential convergence is impossible due to the limited regularity of the eigenfunctions. However, we show through a numerical convergence study and rigorous analysis on a simplified problem that the planewave expansion method is at least as good as standard finite element schemes on uniform meshes in both error convergence and computational efficiency. More importantly, we also consider the performance of two commonly used variants of the planewave expansion method: (a) coupling the planewave expansion method with a regularisation technique where the discontinuous coefficients in the governing equation are approximated by smooth functions, and (b) approximating the Fourier coefficients of the discontinuous coefficients in the governing equation. There is no evidence that regularisation improves the planewave expansion method, but with the correct choice of parameters both variants can be used efficiently without adding significant errors.

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“…Light is confined to the core by a full or partial photonic bandgap in the periodic cladding structure, allowing single-mode propagation in a low-refractive index core [24]. Importantly, single-mode guidance and low fiber loss are preserved even when all the holes (cladding and core) are filled with liquid [25,26], rendering it an outstanding optofluidic channel.…”

Section: Biophotonicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The photonic crystal fiber used (see Figure 1B) was fabricated from silica glass capillaries (Suprasil 300, Heraeus) using the stack-and-draw technique described in [32]. It was designed for single-mode guidance at wavelength 1064 nm when entirely filled with D 2 O (see Figure 1C) by following known scaling laws [25,26]. Its core diameter was 17.5 mm -incidentally corresponding to that of smaller blood vessels.…”

Section: Experimental Set-upmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long‐distance laser propulsion and deformation‐ monitoring of cells in optofluidic photonic crystal fiber

Unterkofler

Garbos

Euser

et al. 2012

Journal of Biophotonics

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We introduce a unique method for laser‐propelling individual cells over distances of 10s of cm through stationary liquid in a microfluidic channel. This is achieved by using liquid‐filled hollow‐core photonic crystal fiber (HC‐PCF). HC‐PCF provides low‐loss light guidance in a well‐defined single mode, resulting in highly uniform optical trapping and propulsive forces in the core which at the same time acts as a microfluidic channel. Cells are trapped laterally at the center of the core, typically several microns away from the glass interface, which eliminates adherence effects and external perturbations. During propagation, the velocity of the cells is conveniently monitored using a non‐imaging Doppler velocimetry technique. Dynamic changes in velocity at constant optical powers up to 350 mW indicate stress‐induced changes in the shape of the cells, which is confirmed by bright‐field microscopy. Our results suggest that HC‐PCF will be useful as a new tool for the study of single‐cell biomechanics. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

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Scaling laws and vector effects in bandgap-guiding fibres

Cited by 90 publications

References 14 publications

Hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers: technology and applications

Hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers: technology and applications

Planewave expansion methods for photonic crystal fibres

Long‐distance laser propulsion and deformation‐ monitoring of cells in optofluidic photonic crystal fiber

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