Scanning electron microscopic observation of lingual papillae in a Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris)

Three‐dimensional study of the lingual papillae and their connective tissue cores in the Nile fox (Vulpes vulpes aegyptica) (Linnaeus, 1758)

“…Similar to the present finding, regional variation of filiform papillae has been reported in jaguar, tiger, mountain lion, ocelot, cat, and mongoose (Emura et al, 2004, 2013; Erdoğan et al, 2018; Freire et al, 2019; Haligur et al, 2020; Hikida, Takemura, & Suwa, 2015; Iwasaki, Miyata, & Kobayashi, 1987; Kim et al, 2014). The regional variation in the shape and size of filiform papillae indicates functional adaptation to diet, eating habit (Boshell et al, 1982), and complexity of the masticatory movements (Kobayashi, 1990).…”

“…On the contrary, six types of papillae (filiform, conical, hook shape‐like, fungiform, vallate, and foliate) are present in mongoose (Haligur, Ozkadif, Alan, & Yener, 2020), and four types (filiform, fungiform, foliate, and vallate papillae) are present in Japanese red fox, raccoon dog, Persian Leopard, and cat (Emura et al, 2006; Sadeghinezhad, Sheibani, Memarian, & Chiocchetti, 2017). On the other hand, the lingual papillae in beagle dog, Bengal tiger, ocelot, and mountain lion include filiform, conical, fungiform, and vallate papillae (Erdoğan, Villar, König, & Pérez, 2018; Freire et al, 2019; Iwasaki & Sakata, 1985; Kim, Kim, Kim, & Won, 2014). While those in black‐backed jackal, bush dog, jaguar, tiger, and cat include filiform, fungiform, and vallate papillae (Boshell, Wilborn, & Singh, 1982; Emura, 2018; Emura et al, 2004, 2013; Emura & Sugiyama, 2014; Emura, Tamada, Hayakawa, Chen, & Shoumura, 2000).…”

“…But three types are present in arctic fox based on the size and the number, as well as, the length of their secondary processes (Jackowiak et al, 2009). Furthermore, according to the shape of the filiform papillae, two types are present in jaguar, Persian leopard, and Bengal tiger (Emura et al, 2013; Kim et al, 2014; Sadeghinezhad et al, 2017). While three types are present in new born tiger (Emura, Hayakawa, Chen, & Shoumura, 2001).…”

“…Similar to the present findings, the filiform papillae of Japanese red fox, silver fox, dog, tiger, mountain lion, and cat have several secondary processes emerge from the main filiform papilla (Emura et al, 2004, 2006; Erdoğan et al, 2018; Hikida et al, 2015; Jackowiak & Godynicki, 2004). However, the number of these secondary processes varies between different animals being 8–10 in Persian leopard (Sadeghinezhad et al, 2017), 9–12 in silver fox (Jackowiak & Godynicki, 2004), 10–12 in arctic fox (Jackowiak et al, 2009), 6–14 in Bengal tiger (Kim et al, 2014). The filiform papillae on the lingual apex and body in the current study had 6–8 accessory processes.…”

“…In line with this result, two types of fungiform papillae have been reported in newborn tiger; hemispherical or club‐shaped fungiform papillae (Emura et al, 2001). In this respect, the fungiform papillae in Japanese red fox, arctic fox, raccoon dogs, Persian leopard, and mountain lion are dome‐shaped (Emura et al, 2006; Erdoğan et al, 2018; Jackowiak et al, 2009; Sadeghinezhad et al, 2017), while they are rounded‐shape in wolf, bush dog, jaguar, tiger, ocelot, fishing cat, and mongoose (Emura et al, 2000, 2004, 2013, 2014; Freire et al, 2019; Haligur et al, 2019, 2020; Kim et al, 2014). But in domestic cat the fungiform papillae are button shape (El‐bably & Tolba, 2015).…”