“…Note that the angles a 1 and a 2 are related to the wave normal in the medium 1 and 2, respectively. Other atmospheric in¯uences, like changes of the sound pressure level caused by scattering of the sound waves on temperature inhomogeneities and turbulence elements, as well as the damping in consideration of air absorption, amount to about 0.01 dB for the used frequency range between 500¼1000 Hz, and sourcereceiver distances between 75...230 m, according to numerous authors (Tatarskii, 1961;Kneser, 1961;Aubry et al, 1974;Daigle et al, 1978;Bass, 1981). Therefore, these processes can be neglected for our travel time measurements with a 110 dB-sounder and ray paths up to 230 m.…”