Schematic information influences memory and generalisation behaviour for schema-relevant and -irrelevant information

Cockcroft, Jamie P.; Berens, Sam C.; Gaskell, M. Gareth; Horner, Aidan J.

doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105203

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…This suggests that when one’s memory for social events is hazy (e.g., when one does not recall everyone they interacted with at a party), they may rely more on other cognitive mechanisms, such as schemas, to fill-in-the-gaps that inform their recollection of event outcomes (e.g., whether interactions with specific party-goers were positive or negative). This parallels a large body of prior work showing that systemic biases due to schemas are expressed more when there is poor memory for events ( 88 – 93 ). Because memory is reconstructive and rarely exact, such gaps are ubiquitous.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Social feedback biases emerge during recall but not prediction and shift across the development of social anxiety

Johnston,

Quarmley,

Nelson

et al. 2023

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Memory is a reconstructive process that can result in events being recalled as more positive or negative than they actually were. While positive recall biases may contribute to well-being, negative recall biases may promote internalizing symptoms, such as social anxiety. Adolescence is characterized by increased salience of peers and peak incidence of social anxiety. Symptoms often wax and wane before becoming more intractable during adulthood. Open questions remain regarding how and when biases for social feedback are expressed and how individual differences in biases may contribute to social anxiety across development. Two studies used a social feedback and cued response task to assess biases about being liked or disliked when retrieving memories vs. making predictions. Findings revealed a robust positivity bias about memories for social feedback, regardless of whether memories were true or false. Moreover, memory bias was associated with social anxiety in a developmentally sensitive way. Among adults (study 1), more severe symptoms of social anxiety were associated with a negativity bias. During the transition from adolescence to adulthood (study 2), age strengthened the positivity bias in those with less severe symptoms and strengthened the negativity bias in those with more severe symptoms. These patterns of bias were isolated to perceived memory retrieval and did not generalize to predictions about social feedback. These results provide initial support for a model by which schemas may infiltrate perceptions of memory for past, but not predictions of future, social events, shaping susceptibility for social anxiety, particularly during the transition into adulthood.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Social feedback biases emerge during recall but not prediction and shift across the development of social anxiety

Johnston,

Quarmley,

Nelson

et al. 2023

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This suggests that when one's memory for social events are hazy (e.g., when one does not recall everyone they interacted with at a party), they may rely more on other cognitive mechanisms, such as schemas, to "fill-in-the-gaps" that inform their recollection of event outcomes (e.g., whether interactions with specific party-goers were positive or negative). This parallels a large body of prior work showing that systemic biases due to schemas are expressed more when there is poor memory for events (88)(89)(90)(91)(92)(93). Because memory is reconstructive and rarely exact, such gaps are ubiquitous.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Social Feedback Biases Emerge During Recall but Not Prediction: Relevance for the Development of Social Anxiety

Johnston¹,

Quarmley²,

Nelson³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Memory is a reconstructive process with biases toward remembering events in line with prior higher orderbeliefs. This can result in events being remembered as more positive or negative than they actually were.While positive recall biases may contribute to well-being, negative recall biases may promote internalizingsymptoms, such as social anxiety. Adolescence is characterized by increased salience of peers and peakincidence of social anxiety. Symptoms often wax and wane before becoming more intractable duringadulthood. Open questions remain regarding expression of biases for social feedback, and how individualdifferences in such biases may contribute to social anxiety across development. Two independent studiesused a novel social feedback and cued response task to assess memory biases and prediction biasesabout being liked or disliked. Our findings revealed a robust positivity bias about memories for socialfeedback, regardless of whether memories were true or false. Moreover, memory bias was associated withsocial anxiety in a developmentally sensitive way. Among adults (Study 1), more severe symptoms of socialanxiety were associated with a negativity bias. During the transition from adolescence to adulthood (Study2), age strengthened the positivity bias in those with less severe symptoms and strengthened the negativitybias in those with more severe symptoms. Biases did not generalize to predictions about social feedback.These studies support a model by which higher order beliefs can infiltrate perceptions of memory for past,but not predictions of future, social events, shaping susceptibility for social anxiety, particularly during thetransition into adulthood.

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“…In our daily life, the new information is not always totally consistent or inconsistent with our prior knowledge. Recent studies also indicate that schema can modulate memory for schema-irrelevant information (Webb and Dennis 2020;Cockcroft et al 2022). Therefore, even if the new information is not directly related to the schema, a stable schema could still provide scaffold-like representations and induce a different route to encode/incorporate new information.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactivation of schema representation in lateral occipital cortex supports successful memory encoding

Guo

Yang

2022

Cerebral Cortex

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Schemas provide a scaffold onto which we can integrate new memories. Previous research has investigated the brain activity and connectivity underlying schema-related memory formation. However, how schemas are represented and reactivated in the brain, in order to enhance memory, remains unclear. To address this issue, we used an object–location spatial schema that was learned over multiple sessions, combined with similarity analyses of neural representations, to investigate the reactivation of schema representations of object–location memories when a new object–scene association is learned. In addition, we investigated how this reactivation affects subsequent memory performance under different strengths of schemas. We found that reactivation of a schema representation in the lateral occipital cortex (LOC) during object–scene encoding affected subsequent associative memory performance only in the schema-consistent condition and increased the functional connectivity between the LOC and the parahippocampal place area. Taken together, our findings provide new insight into how schema acts as a scaffold to support the integration of novel information into existing cortical networks and suggest a neural basis for schema-induced rapid cortical learning.

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Schematic information influences memory and generalisation behaviour for schema-relevant and -irrelevant information

Cited by 8 publications

References 85 publications

Social feedback biases emerge during recall but not prediction and shift across the development of social anxiety

Social feedback biases emerge during recall but not prediction and shift across the development of social anxiety

Social Feedback Biases Emerge During Recall but Not Prediction: Relevance for the Development of Social Anxiety

Reactivation of schema representation in lateral occipital cortex supports successful memory encoding

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