“…The Atlantic slave trade is thought responsible for the geographical expansion of S. mansoni to the Caribbean and South America [37,38]. The more recent S. haematobium clade comprises nine species, including the human-infective species S. haematobium, Schistosoma intercalatum and Schistosoma guineensis, and the species of veterinary health importance causing ruminant intestinal schistosomiasis, Schistosoma bovis, Schistosoma curassoni and Schistosoma mattheei, with the remaining species, Schistosoma margrebowiei, Schistosoma leiperi and Schistosoma kisumuensis, mostly found in wildlife [39][40][41][42]. The postulated reinvasion of Asia from Africa by the Schistosoma indicum clade, formed of three species of veterinary significance, did not involve a host switch but the continued parasitization of ungulates and rodents [14].…”