Schistosome Vaccine Adjuvants in Preclinical and Clinical Research

Abstract

There is currently no vaccine available for human use for any parasitic infections, including the helminth disease, schistosomiasis. Despite many researchers working towards this goal, one of the focuses has been on identifying new antigenic targets. The bar to achieve protective efficacy in humans was set at a consistent induction of 40% protection or better by the World Health Organisation (WHO), and although this is a modest goal, it is yet to be reached with the six most promising schistosomiasis vaccine candidates (Sm28GST, IrV5, Sm14, paramyosin, TPI, and Sm23). Adjuvant selection has a large impact on the effectiveness of the vaccine, and the use of adjuvants to aid in the stimulation of the immune system is a critical step and a major variable affecting vaccine development. In addition to a comprehensive understanding of the immune system, level of protection and the desired immune response required, there is also a need for a standardised and effective adjuvant formulation. This review summarises the status of adjuvants that have been or are being employed in schistosomiasis vaccine development focusing on immunisation outcomes at preclinical and clinical stages.

Dendrimer-RNA nanoparticles generate protective immunity against lethal Ebola, H1N1 influenza, and Toxoplasma gondii challenges with a single dose

“…nanoparticle | vaccine platform | replicon | viruses | parasites T oday, there are a range of vaccine technologies used clinically, with varied use of inactivated pathogens, molecular antigens, adjuvants, delivery technologies, administration routes, and dosing regimes (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13). Although existing vaccine systems have had a huge impact on prevention of infectious disease, challenges remain.…”

Kunitz-type protease inhibitor as a vaccine candidate against schistosomiasis mansoni

“…Subsequently, they have evolved highly effective mechanisms to evade the host immune response and to live for a considerable period in the bloodstream without being damaged or expelled. Overcoming these evolutionary adaptations to parasitism is the goal for identifying and subsequently developing suitable anti-schistosomal vaccine candidates; however, this process has been slow despite extensive research over several decades (Mo et al, 2014;Stephenson et al, 2014).…”

The Protective Role of Toll-like Receptors Agonist Monophosphoryl Lipid A against Vaccinated Murine Schistosomiasis

“…The combination of protection using SEA and adjuvant was recommended in several studies [25][26][27][28][29] as it provided many complementary goals, a reduction of egg-induced pathology, minimal parenchymal changes and the eradication of worms. Therefore, the assessment of the effect of MPLA adjuvant with protective antigen SEA against infected mice is important by studying several criteria related to the parasitic intensity, stages and distribution through the tissues of the host for the evaluation of the magnitude of infection and efficacy of the treatment [30].…”