Schistosomiasis: Life Cycle, Diagnosis, and Control

Nelwan, Martin

doi:10.1016/j.curtheres.2019.06.001

Cited by 197 publications

(196 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Our study provided additional evidence of the relationship between schistosomiasis and haematuria [7,16,18,20,34]. The observed haematuria is secondary to eggs being lodged in the bladder wall.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

“…The life cycle of S. haematobium involves an asexual reproduction phase which occurs in snails of the genus Bulinus, and the sexual reproduction phase which occurs in human hosts [15]. S.haematobium penetrates the human skin as cercariae and loses its tail and becomes a schistosomulum [16]. The schistosomula is transported to the organs via the venous and lymphatic systems [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…haematobium is known to cause the following morbidity: haematuria, dysuria, hydronephrosis and bladder wall pathology [1,7,21,22]. Due to advances in diagnosis and clinical observation, schistosomiasis has also been associated with genital morbidity, where in adults, it has been linked to acquisition of HIV infection [10,16]. Genital schistosomiasis manifests differently in males and in females.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Clinical morbidity associated with Schistosoma haematobium infection in pre‐school age children from an endemic district in Zimbabwe

Mduluza-Jokonya

Naicker

Kasambala

et al. 2020

Tropical Med Int Health

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Objective To investigate Schistosoma haematobium morbidity in infected pre‐school age children and establish their disease burden. Methodology Pre‐school age children (1–5 years) who were lifelong residents of the study area and had no other infections were included in the study. Participants underwent a physical examination with clinicians blinded to their infection status. Diagnosis of S. haematobium was by urine filtration. Results The prevalence of S. haematobium was 35.1% (146/416). The clinical features observed in patients with Schistosoma haematobium were as follows: wheezes (morbidity attributable factor (AF = 93.9%), haematuria (AF = 92.6%), ascites (AF = 91.5%), atopy (AF = 76.9%), inguinal lymphadenopathy (AF = 68.4%), stunting (AF = 38.2), malnutrition (MUAC)(AF = 20%) and weight for height scales (AF = 5%). Schistosoma. haematobium infected children were at greater odds ratio of presenting with inguinal lymphadenopathy (AOR)=99.2(95% CI 24.2 to 854.5), wheezes in the chest (AOR = 35.4 95% CI 15.3 to 94.2), Distended abdomen with ascites (AOR = 23.9 95% CI 11.4 to 54), haematuria (AOR = 12.6 95% CI 11.6 to 14.1), atopy history (AOR = 5.6 95% CI 1.85 to 20.2), malnutrition (AOR = 2.3 95% CI 1.4 to 3.2) and stunting (AOR = 1.9 95% CI 1.1 to2.7). Conclusion The study is novel as it demonstrates for the first time clinical morbidity markers associated with S. haematobium infection in pre‐school age children. Furthermore the study adds scientific evidence to the call for inclusion of pre‐school age children in schistosomiasis control programmes. These morbidity markers highlight the need for early diagnosis and screening for S. haematobium in pre‐school age children.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Clinical morbidity associated with Schistosoma haematobium infection in pre‐school age children from an endemic district in Zimbabwe

Mduluza-Jokonya

Naicker

Kasambala

et al. 2020

Tropical Med Int Health

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“…Praziquantel 20-60 mg/kg/dose divided into three doses for one day is recommended for all cases recognized as schistosomiasis and SAA after emergency surgery. Repeated doses after 2-6 weeks are usually required to improve the effectiveness of the therapy [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of CT characteristics in the diagnosis of Schistosoma japonicum associated appendicitis with clinical and pathological correlation: a diagnostic accuracy study

et al. 2019

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Purpose To clarify unique non-contrast CT (NCCT) characteristics for early recognition of Schistosomal associated appendicitis (SAA) differentiating from Non-schistosomal associated appendicitis (NSA). Material and methods Clinical and pathological data of 50 cases with SAA and 60 cases with NSA who underwent emergency appendectomy were retrospectively compared to pre-surgical NCCT features such as direct and indirect signs of acute appendicitis as well as appendicoliths, colon calcifications as diagnostic criteria. Statistical methods such as Chi-square (χ 2), t-tests, Principal component analysis (PCA), Binary Logistic regression (LR) and Factor Analysis (FA) were utilized to observe differences and isolate recognizable CT features of SAA. Pre and post hoc diagnostic performance of all criteria was calculated as sensitivity, specificity, and the Odds Ratio (OR). Results Age > 50 years, diameter > 13 mm, pneumatosis, peri appendiceal abscess, focal wall defect, perforation; Orbital, linear and point types of appendicular wall calcifications; sigmoid colon and cecal curvilinear calcifications were observed as unique characteristics with a sensitivity of 84-95% and specificity of 91-98% in predicting SAA by OR of 6.2 times. Pre and post hoc hypothetical analysis did not show any significance for all other factors. Conclusion Factors such as elderly age, CT features such as larger appendicular diameter, appendicular wall calcifications along with sigmoid colon, and cecal calcifications, signs of perforation or abscess are characteristic for early recognition of SAA. Keywords Schistosoma japonicum • Intestinal Schistosomiasis • Multislice computed tomography • curvilinear calcifications • Peri appendiceal abscess Abbreviations AIR score Appendicitis inflammatory response score SAA Schistosomal associated acute appendicitis Bimbadhar Valluru, Zhou Zhou contributed equally to this work.

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“…It enters a human host as a cercariae and then matures as it migrates throughout the body. Eventually adult worms take up residence in the portal vein and release eggs into the circulation, which are able to pass into the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract and are subsequently released in stool (30). Unlike other helminth species, however, the immune response to SM is stage-dependent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CD4 T Cells in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Schistosoma mansoni Co-infected Individuals Maintain Functional TH1 Responses

et al. 2020

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a serious public health concern, infecting a quarter of the world and leading to 10 million cases of tuberculosis (TB) disease and 1. 5 million deaths annually. An effective type 1 CD4 T cell (TH1) immune response is necessary to control Mtb infection and defining factors that modulate Mtb-specific TH1 immunity is important to better define immune correlates of protection in Mtb infection. Helminths stimulate type 2 (TH2) immune responses, which antagonize TH1 cells. As such, we sought to evaluate whether co-infection with the parasitic helminth Schistosoma mansoni (SM) modifies CD4 T cell lineage profiles in a cohort of HIV-uninfected adults in Kisumu, Kenya. Individuals were categorized into six groups by Mtb and SM infection status: healthy controls (HC), latent Mtb infection (LTBI) and active tuberculosis (TB), with or without concomitant SM infection. We utilized flow cytometry to evaluate the TH1/TH2 functional and phenotypic lineage state of total CD4 T cells, as well as CD4 T cells specific for the Mtb antigens CFP-10 and ESAT-6. Total CD4 T cell lineage profiles were similar between SM + and SM − individuals in all Mtb infection groups. Furthermore, in both LTBI and TB groups, SM infection did not impair Mtb-specific TH1 cytokine production. In fact, SM + LTBI individuals had higher frequencies of IFNγ + Mtb-specific CD4 T cells than SM − LTBI individuals. Mtb-specific CD4 T cells were characterized by expression of both classical TH1 markers, CXCR3 and T-bet, and TH2 markers, CCR4, and GATA3. The expression of these markers was similar between SM + and SM − individuals with LTBI. However, SM + individuals with active TB had significantly higher frequencies of GATA3 + CCR4 + TH1 cytokine + Mtb-specific CD4 T cells, compared with SM − TB individuals. Together, these data indicate that Mtb-specific TH1 cytokine production capacity is maintained in SM-infected individuals, and that Mtb-specific TH1 cytokine + CD4 T cells can express both TH1 and TH2 markers. In high pathogen burden settings where co-infection is common and reoccurring, plasticity of antigen-specific CD4 T cell responses may be important in preserving Mtb-specific TH1 responses.

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Schistosomiasis: Life Cycle, Diagnosis, and Control

Cited by 197 publications

References 30 publications

Clinical morbidity associated with Schistosoma haematobium infection in pre‐school age children from an endemic district in Zimbabwe

Clinical morbidity associated with Schistosoma haematobium infection in pre‐school age children from an endemic district in Zimbabwe

Analysis of CT characteristics in the diagnosis of Schistosoma japonicum associated appendicitis with clinical and pathological correlation: a diagnostic accuracy study

CD4 T Cells in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Schistosoma mansoni Co-infected Individuals Maintain Functional TH1 Responses

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