“…Although there are generally two types of suspensions (ISS and OSS) and millions of students receive ISS nationwide, only a handful of studies focus on ISS or differentiate between the two suspension types (Anderson et al, 2019;Anyon et al, 2021;Cholewa et al, 2018;Jabbari & Johnson, 2020;Noltemeyer et al, 2015;Smith et al, 2021). Even though a growing number of studies are including both ODRs and suspensions as outcomes in the same study (Anyon et al, 2014(Anyon et al, , 2016Bradshaw et al, 2010;Nishioka et al, 2021;Vincent & Tobin, 2011), within the robust school discipline literature, most studies tend to focus on either ODRs (Cook et al, 2018;Gion et al, 2020;Gregory et al, 2014Gregory et al, , 2019 or suspensions (Green et al, 2021;Gregory et al, 2018;Hashim et al, 2018;Lacoe & Steinberg, 2018).…”