“…This narrative which aligns with trade facilitation theory (Portugal-Perez & Wilson, 2012;Seck, 2016), often fails to examine the composition of Africa's exports and imports, focussing instead on a narrow component of the constraints to trade such as high transportation costs and burdensome customs protocols. But as international trade theory suggests, manufacturing capacity and efficiency is critical for export performance (Barletta, Pereira, & Yoguel, 2014;Bernard, Eaton, Jensen, & Kortum, 2003). Improving transport infrastructure alone without developing the capabilities of domestic manufacturing firms may not produce much results in export performance, especially given a competitive global market.…”