Science commentary: Th1 and Th2 responses: what are they?

Berger, Abi

doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7258.424

Cited by 446 publications

(357 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…In our study, the levels of IL-12 was found to be similar to those in studies above in the HT group and subgroup analyses. Th1 is said to play a dominant role in inflammation of HT [2]. Increased level of IL-12, synthesized by Th1, in the HT group of our study is consistent with that hypothesis.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Th1 is dominant over autoimmunity in HT whereas Th 2 is often responsible for autoimmunity in Graves' disease. Th1 synthesizes the proinflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IFN-g, TNF, IL-1b, IL-12) and has a cytotoxic effect [2]. One subgroup of CD4 + T lymphocytes is Th3 cell, known as regulator T cell or Treg, which is responsible for regulation of adaptive immune system and synthesis of TGF-β1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Rola krążącego sTWEAK w patogenezie choroby Hashimoto — badanie pilotażowe

Altay¹,

Ateş

Yılmaz

et al. 2016

Endokrynologia Polska

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rola krążącego sTWEAK w patogenezie choroby Hashimoto — badanie pilotażowe

Altay¹,

Ateş

Yılmaz

et al. 2016

Endokrynologia Polska

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“…Homopellitorine (246) Octanoic adic 3-methoxy phenylmethylamide (331) 10 ppm 56 Ley et al (2005a,b) Achilleamide (97 and TH2 responses is essential for an appropriate immune function (Berger, 2000). The granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and tissue inhibition-1 of metallopeptidase (TIMP-1) are also immunomodulatory cytokines.…”

Section: Anti-inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alkamid database: Chemistry, occurrence and functionality of plant N-alkylamides

Boonen

Bronselaer

Nielandt

et al. 2012

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

137

109

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a b s t r a c tEthnopharmacological relevance: N-Alkylamides (NAAs) are a promising group of bioactive compounds, which are anticipated to act as important lead compounds for plant protection and biocidal products, functional food, cosmeceuticals and drugs in the next decennia. These molecules, currently found in more than 25 plant families and with a wide structural diversity, exert a variety of biologicalpharmacological effects and are of high ethnopharmacological importance. However, information is scattered in literature, with different, often unstandardized, pharmacological methodologies being used. Therefore, a comprehensive NAA database (acronym: Alkamid) was constructed to collect the available structural and functional NAA data, linked to their occurrence in plants (family, tribe, species, genus). Materials and methods: For loading information in the database, literature data was gathered over the period 1950-2010, by using several search engines. In order to represent the collected information about NAAs, the plants in which they occur and the functionalities for which they have been examined, a relational database is constructed and implemented on a MySQL back-end. Results: The database is supported by describing the NAA plant-, functional-and chemical-space. The chemical space includes a NAA classification, according to their fatty acid and amine structures. Conclusions: The Alkamid database (publicly available on the website http://alkamid.ugent.be/) is not only a central information point, but can also function as a useful tool to prioritize the NAA Q8 choice in the evaluation of their functionality, to perform data mining leading to quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPRs), functionality comparisons, clustering, plant biochemistry and taxonomic evaluations.

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“…Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, which can inhibit the production of Th1 cytokines, but primarily stimulate B cells to produce antibodies and activation of anti-apoptotic molecules [8].…”

Section: Szkolenie Podyplomowementioning

confidence: 99%

Rola układu immunologicznego oraz udział cytokin w patomechanizmie autoimmunologicznej choroby tarczycy (AITD)

Mikos¹,

Mikoś²,

Obara-Moszynska³

et al. 2014

Endokrynologia Polska

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Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is the most common organ-specific autoimmune disorder. AITD development occurs due to loss of immune tolerance and reactivity to thyroid autoantigens: thyroid peroxidase (TPO), thyroglobulin (TG) and thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR). This leads to infiltration of the gland by T cells and B cells that produce antibodies specific for clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism in Graves' disease (GD) and chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (cAIT). In addition, T cells in Hashimoto's thyroiditis induce apoptosis in thyroid follicular cells, leading ultimately to the destruction of the gland. Cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of thyroid diseases working in both the immune system and directly targeting the thyroid follicular cells. They are involved in the induction and effector phase of the immune response and inflammation, playing a key role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease. The presence of multiple cytokines has been demonstrated: IL-1a, IL-1b, IL-2, IL-4 , IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-14, TNF-a and IFN-g within the inflammatory cells and thyroid follicular cells. Finally, cytokines derived from T cells can directly damage thyroid cells, leading to functional disorders and may also stimulate the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin (PG), thus increasing the inflammatory response in AITD. Immunological mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of AITD are strongly related to each other, but differences in the image of cAIT and GD phenotype are possibly due to a different type of immune response observed in these two counteracting clinical thyroid diseases. This article describes the potential role of cytokines and immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of AITD. (Endokrynol Pol 2014; 65 (2): 150-155)

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Science commentary: Th1 and Th2 responses: what are they?

Cited by 446 publications

References 2 publications

Rola krążącego sTWEAK w patogenezie choroby Hashimoto — badanie pilotażowe

Rola krążącego sTWEAK w patogenezie choroby Hashimoto — badanie pilotażowe

Alkamid database: Chemistry, occurrence and functionality of plant N-alkylamides

Rola układu immunologicznego oraz udział cytokin w patomechanizmie autoimmunologicznej choroby tarczycy (AITD)

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