Scientific Challenges on Theory of Fat Burning by Exercise

Harris, M. Brennan; Kuo, Chia‐Hua

doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.685166

Cited by 10 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 61 publications

(70 reference statements)

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“…Excessive VAT accumulation in could cause hypoxia, inflammation and IR, and these state will induce HSL activation and lipid overflow through the portal vein to liver and muscle (hyperlipidaemia and ectopic fat deposition) [ 38 ], greatly increasing the risk of NAFLD. As described above, HIIT may cause the exhaustion of glycogen and non-pathological ketogenesis, which have been shown to improve obesity and dysfunctional glucose/lipid metabolism [ 24 ]. After each session of HIIT, the adaptive dynamic rising of lipolysis in VAT may emerge for ketogenesis and gluconeogenesis in liver.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because the main energy substrate during exercise is glycogen, the mechanism by which HIIT can reduce fat is generally suspected to be related to the ‘post-exercise’ changes in adipose catabolism [ 23 , 24 ]. Catecholamine release by the SNS and adrenal glands can activate lipolysis in adipocytes through β3-adrenergic receptors (β3-AR), which are the major regulation pathway of adipose catabolism [ 25 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of visceral fat lipolysis adaptation to high-intensity interval training in obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats

Liu

Cheng

et al. 2022

Diabetol Metab Syndr

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Background/objectives Visceral obesity is one of the key features of metabolic syndrome. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) could effectively reduce visceral fat, but its effects show strong heterogeneity in populations with different degrees of obesity. The mechanism may be related to the differential adaptation to training between obesity phenotypes, namely obesity prone (OP) and obesity resistant (OR). The aim of the present study was to compare adaptive changes of visceral adipose lipolysis adaptation to HIIT between OP and OR animals and further explore the upstream pathway. Methods OP and OR Sprague Dawley rats were established after feeding a high-fat diet for 6 weeks; they were then divided into HIIT (H-OP and H-OR) and control (C-OP and C-OR) groups. After 12 weeks of HIIT or a sedentary lifestyle, animals were fasted for 12 h and then sacrificed for histology as well as gene and protein analysis. Visceral adipocytes were isolated without fasting for catecholamine stimulation and β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) blockade in vitro to evaluate the role of upstream pathways. Results After training, there were no differences in weight loss or food intake between OP and OR rats (P > 0.05). However, the visceral fat mass, adipocyte volume, serum triglycerides and liver lipids of OP rats decreased by more than those of OR rats (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the cell lipolytic capacity and the increase in the expression of β3-AR were higher in the OP compared with OR groups (P < 0.05). Although training did not increase sympathetic nervous system activity (P > 0.05), the cell sensitivity to catecholamine increased significantly in the OP compared with OR groups (P < 0.05). Following blocking β3-AR, the increased sensitivity disappeared. Conclusion With HIIT, OP rats lost more visceral fat than OR rats, which was related to stronger adaptive changes in lipolysis. Increased β3-AR expression mediated this adaptation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of visceral fat lipolysis adaptation to high-intensity interval training in obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats

Liu

Cheng

et al. 2022

Diabetol Metab Syndr

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“…In fact, exercise also improves the glycaemic profile ( 63 – 66 ), which does not necessarily translate into an improvement in fetal weight. Some authors ( 67 ) have recently proposed that the decrease in body fat with exercise is not directly because of the oxidation of fatty acids during exercise sessions, but to the uptake of fatty acids after exercise to repair tissue damage, which is especially the case with anaerobic or high intensity sessions. Thus, combined exercise, with the inclusion of strength exercises, could deprive the fetus of excess energy from fatty acids and reduce the risk of macrosomia in fetuses predisposed to it.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reason that aerobic exercise reduced birth weight was due to one trial ( 42 ) using moderate-vigorous intensity. At this intensity, in addition to having a possible anaerobic component and tissue damage, it could increase catecholamine levels causing lipolysis ( 67 ), and decrease uterine blood flow depending on time and intensity ( 66 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Exercise vs. Metformin to Improve Delivery- and Newborn-Related Outcomes Among Pregnant Women With Overweight: A Network Meta-Analysis

et al. 2021

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Background: Overweight/obesity is associated with the risk of delivery- and newborn-related complications in pregnancy. Interventions such as exercise or metformin could reduce the risk of these complications.Objective: To estimate and compare the effects of different types of exercise interventions (i.e., aerobic, resistance, combined exercise) and metformin on delivery- and newborn-related outcomes among pregnant women with overweight/obesity.Methods: MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library databases and the gray literature were searched from inception to September 2021. This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (CDR: 42019121715). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of metformin or an exercise intervention aimed at preventing cesarean section, preterm birth, macrosomia, or birth weight among pregnant women with overweight/obesity were included. Random effects meta-analyses and frequentist network meta-analyses (NMA) were conducted for each outcome.Results: Fifteen RCTs were included. In the NMA, metformin reduced the risk of cesarean section (RR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.46, 0.95), combined exercise reduced the risk of macrosomia (RR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.14, 0.95), and aerobic exercise reduced birth weight (mean difference = −96.66 g, 95% CI: −192.45, −0.88). In the subgroup among pregnant women with obesity, metformin reduced the risk of cesarean section (RR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.45, 0.97).Conclusions: Combined exercise could reduce the risk of macrosomia in pregnant women with overweight, whereas metformin could reduce the risk of cesarean section in pregnant women with obesity. However, previous evidence suggests a larger effect of physical exercise in other outcomes for this population group. Therefore, the medicalization of healthy pregnant women with obesity is not justified by the current evidence.Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO: CRD42019121715; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42019121715

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“…The effects of exercise depend on the concerted action of a variety of responses, many of which are controlled by circadian rhythms ( Cedernaes et al, 2018 ; Mancilla et al, 2020 ; Savikj and Zierath, 2020 ; Harris and Kuo, 2021 ). However, little is known about the molecular effect of the time of day on a single exercise performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treadmill Training Effect on the Myokines Content in Skeletal Muscles of Mice With a Metabolic Disorder Model

et al. 2021

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The effect of treadmill training loads on the content of cytokines in mice skeletal muscles with metabolic disorders induced by a 16 week high fat diet (HFD) was studied. The study included accounting the age and biorhythmological aspects. In the experiment, mice were used at the age of 4 and 32 weeks, by the end of the experiment—respectively 20 and 48 weeks. HFD feeding lasted 16 weeks. Treadmill training were carried out for last 4 weeks six times a week, the duration 60 min and the speed from 15 to 18 m/min. Three modes of loading were applied. The first subgroup was subjected to stress in the morning hours (light phase); the second subgroup was subjected to stress in the evening hours (dark phase); the third subgroup was subjected to loads in the shift mode (the first- and third-weeks treadmill training was used in the morning hours, the second and fourth treadmill training was used in the evening hours). In 20-week-old animals, the exercise effect does not depend on the training regime, however, in 48-week-old animals, the decrease in body weight in mice with the shift training regime was more profound. HFD affected muscle myokine levels. The content of all myokines, except for LIF, decreased, while the concentration of CLCX1 decreased only in young animals in response to HFD. The treadmill training caused multidirectional changes in the concentration of myokines in muscle tissue. The IL-6 content changed most profoundly. These changes were observed in all groups of animals. The changes depended to the greatest extent on the training time scheme. The effect of physical activity on the content of IL-15 in the skeletal muscle tissue was observed mostly in 48-week-old mice. In 20-week-old animals, physical activity led to an increase in the concentration of LIF in muscle tissue when applied under the training during the dark phase or shift training scheme. In the HFD group, this effect was significantly more pronounced. The content of CXCL1 did not change with the use of treadmill training in almost all groups of animals. Physical activity, introduced considering circadian rhythms, is a promising way of influencing metabolic processes both at the cellular and systemic levels, which is important for the search for new ways of correcting metabolic disorders.

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Scientific Challenges on Theory of Fat Burning by Exercise

Cited by 10 publications

References 61 publications

Comparison of visceral fat lipolysis adaptation to high-intensity interval training in obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats

Comparison of visceral fat lipolysis adaptation to high-intensity interval training in obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats

Physical Exercise vs. Metformin to Improve Delivery- and Newborn-Related Outcomes Among Pregnant Women With Overweight: A Network Meta-Analysis

Treadmill Training Effect on the Myokines Content in Skeletal Muscles of Mice With a Metabolic Disorder Model

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